tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46447268904150031072024-02-08T09:01:40.100-08:00Starting college essayA Research Essay TopicStuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-83614961016916230212020-08-24T19:26:00.001-07:002020-08-24T19:26:04.226-07:00Coca-Cola Back In BurmaThe Important inquiry that must be replied while dissecting this circumstance is the means by which Coca-Cola will have the option to alleviate the dangers Involved with the Instability of the cross section and financial framework in Burma. Regardless of the arrival of Nuns San Sue Sky, the political circumstance stays flimsy with huge inside contradiction over administration. The worldwide political scene of the nation has made a sharp turn with the severance of binds to North Korea and the modifying of associations with the West. These political connections have made ready to agreeable monetary developments.The financial improvement of Burma has been on the ascent throughout the previous two decades, with monetary development taking a hopeful Jump of 6 percent in March 2013. The conclusion to the financial authorizations put by nations, for example, the United States is adding to the inflow of outside capital speculation. Moreover the arrival of the approvals opened the floor for t he advancement of exchange understandings, to be sans specific exchange understandings and reciprocal speculation understandings, among Burma and different nations to encourage further financial development. In 2012 a Foreign Direct Investment Law was presented, giving a noteworthy legitimate issue to remote investors.FED is standard trialed under the standards of standard law. In any case, Burma has not marked onto the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitrarily Awards. This makes an antagonistic lawful condition for outside Investors, as Investment Issues are to be trialed In neighborhood courts firmly constrained by government with military Influence. Speculation The drawn out arrangement that Coca-Cola should seek after Is an International Joint endeavor between their Crystal Springs packaging plant and a tenable packaging accomplice In Burma.Any organizations under U. S authorizations won't be thought of so to guarantee the validity of the acco mplice organization. Coca-Cola will have 70% responsibility for ewe organization, giving the Burmese side 30% control. This will guarantee Coke keeps up administration over tasks and dynamic, while ensuring their venture. This Is Important considering the Joint endeavor will be organized with the goal that the household resource proprietor bears the danger of seizure, which will Increase ability, sharing of assets and information, and less risk.When the Joint endeavor initially happens there will be an inflow of information and experienced workers to slide change into the Burmese business condition. Considering the political and monetary insecurity and that the nation has a culture altogether different than that of the U. S, it will be gainful to build up a cozy relationship with the Burmese culture and business condition. The momentary arrangement that Coke should actualize is a normalized elective also BIT. This elective will be an open report that plots all the guidelines, guidel ines, and codes that Coca-Cola anticipates that all representatives and providers should follow by.It will diagram money related guidelines, outside speculations, political unsteadiness and human rights issues. In particular, any infringement of the tribute will be explored under an Ethics Committee, recruited by Coke. Like a BIT, this code will take into consideration worldwide intervention, which is advantageous as household courts can be stayed away from for questions. This elective will make open all the measures that Coke expects with respect to human rights and the security and wellbeing of speculations. Straightforwardness is an amazing asset in reducing risk.The progressively open the data is, the more secure Coke's ventures are to debasement and the higher the worth is for investors. Execution The usage of the global Joint endeavor is a point by point process. Coca-Cola will keep up 70% possession, which will take into account Coke to be the predominant chief. Household the executives will be employed and will have a state in the dynamic procedure of the Joint endeavor firm. For instance, local workers will be vital in the promoting office where culture is significant. The accomplice picked for the endeavor should be solid and trusted; accordingly no organizations under U.S authorizations will be thought of. There will likewise be adequate research done to discover an accomplice that has comparative business objectives and qualities to facilitate the progress. Second, forward-thinking examination will be directed to obtain as much data on Burmese strategic policies and the political and monetary condition. The universal human asset group should build up a remuneration structure, projects to prepare ostracizes in neighborhood business culture, guaranteeing exiles smooth change into the nation, keep up a severe code for all representatives to submit to, and create worker execution reports.Furthermore, there will be execution evaluations made to guarante e the Joint endeavor is beneficial after usage. In the event that he adventure isn't beneficial there will be consent to what conditions should be met to end the Joint endeavor. A significant piece of the usage of Coca-Cola's option in contrast to the BIT is to recruit a due ingenuity group. This comprises of outer examiners and free specialists, to make rules and guidelines in regards to money related, outside speculations, political precariousness, and human rights gives that all Coca-Cola workers must follow.Performing a due tirelessness process contributes data accessible to chiefs, while drawing in with a wide scope of takeovers. American and Burmese experts will be recruited to help direct the due constancy process that will bring about a commonly valuable arrangement of rules and guidelines. Moreover, the option in contrast to the BIT must be open, taking into account straightforwardness, which is fundamental to expanding investor esteem. Hazard Factors for Joint Venture with respect to the Joint endeavor, there are different hazard factors that may thwart the presentation of the firm going forward.While there is collaboration to be picked up from the organizations exploiting their specialization, contrasts in the executives styles and social contrasts can bring about debates, which will influence the momentary accomplishment of the firm. The principle factor that prompts hazards in global joint endeavors is lack of common sense and execution, which will be relieved through Coca-Cola's examination and involvement with entering new markets. Finding an ideal accomplice and having 70% control will likewise lessen the hazard that the two organizations will have disagreements regarding objectives, the executives, and choices made.If the endeavor meets the conditions to be ended the procedure sketched out for end will be followed. Political and lawful hazard likewise have an impact, as the new lawful substance is 30% Burmese possessed, which makes the endeavo r subject to laws and guidelines that probably won't influence Coca-Cola as a global enterprise and the other way around. Pay scale contrasts may likewise cause issues with human rights gatherings, which may blame Coca-Cola for exploiting the nearby workforce by paying a low compensation when contrasted with worldwide standards.Despite having a 70% controlling offer, Coca-Cola won't have full info when defining long haul key objectives as there will be a common American-Burmese directorate, causing less adaptability for Coca-Cola. Be that as it may, after a careful due industriousness process, Coca-Cola will be specialists in settling on choices with Burmese law considered. The BIT elective will likewise fill in as an approach to relieve political hazard as it sets a standard for all Coca-Cola representatives to follow and takes into account universal arbitration.Moreover, Joint endeavors moderate confiscation chance, which help ensure remote interests in Burma. Examining Alternativ es Solutions Alternative 1: An option in contrast to the Joint endeavor is for Coke to set up an auxiliary numerous to assume control over assembling activities in Burma. As the dubious political and legitimate circumstance in Burma is unsafe and inclined to stuns, an auxiliary organization will permit Coke to decent variety its hazard exposure.The danger of human rights infringement and political issues emerging from tasks and contrarily affecting Coca-Cola's image will be diminished, which is one of the association's most important resources. Contemplations to be considered for this procedure are that it doesn't totally clear Coke from duties with respect to feasible for any budgetary issues. Besides, it is as yet workable for terrible exposure to influence the Coca-Cola brand name, as there is an immediate connection from the auxiliary to its parent company.Alternative 2: A subsequent choice is an other plan of action for Coca-Cola's business activities in Burma. Assembling and p ackaging can occur close by in a progressively steady world of politics (e. G. Thailand). This will permit the firm to sidestep a significant number of the dangers of working in Burma as working assembling is a mind boggling process, which incorporates employing of laborers, it is capital escalated, human asset issues may emerge and there will be a social hole. Be that as it may, import levies into Burma and fare taxes in Thailand will be extra costs.Moreover, the expense rate in Thailand may likewise be horrible when contrasted with in Burma, and the transportation and conveyance cost of getting Coca-Cola items across nations may diminish the productivity edges of its Burma tasks. End The activity plan that is prescribed to take includes a two-section arrangement. In the momentary the organization will make a normalized option in contrast to a BIT. This open report will diagram organization rules and guidelines. Infringement are to be examined by means of Coca-Cola's Ethics Committ ee.Most significantly, this option takes into consideration worldwide mediation, which mitigates confiscation hazard and consequently, ensures speculations. In the drawn out it is suggested that the Crystal Springs packaging plant be a Joint endeavor of Coca-Cola and a neighborhood, believable, bottler. The set structure wherein the neighborhood bottler is the carrier of hazard seizure will lessen the negative effect of potential government activities, which Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-59269111109374150542020-08-22T02:01:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:01:27.418-07:00Mississippi Burning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsMississippi Burning - Essay Example Three social equality laborers were killed in America in the year 1964; the killed occurred in the US territory of Mississippi this is the reason the film was named Mississippi consuming. The FBI definitely engaged in the examination and the film likewise exhibits two operators making a decent attempt to reveal reality. Alan Parker coordinated this film and it was composed by Chris Gerolmo. The film was very popular with the crowd and it proceeded to win a few honors which incorporated the best film for cinematography, best picture, best stable and a large group of different honors. Despite doing admirably the film was seriously scrutinized in light of the fact that as per the pundits the film neglects to introduce the authentic records in the correct way. The chief of the film needed to come out and shield the film by saying it was no narrative, it was rather sensation. ââ¬Å"Mississippi Burningâ is set in 1964 when three social liberties laborers are killed in an unassuming commu nity by individuals from the Ku Klux Klan.â⬠(Mississippi Burning) In American culture the social equality laborers are given next to no assurance however the film depicts the FBI operators as genuine legends, they come to Mississippi to research the homicide of the people in question yet in actuality almost no has been done to secure the social equality laborers in America. ... The film caused an uproar, a scene in the film indicated a white man beating a dark kid while he was asking; this made a ton of issues. This was viewed as bigotry by numerous individuals and it even alienated the blacks living in America. A couple of dark men fired thumping a white kid in the wake of examining the film because of which a gigantic hullabaloo in America was caused. Executives should consistently remember that their motion pictures are more than equipped for upsetting the peace in a nation in light of the fact that such a significant number of individuals watch it and they decipher the scenes in their own specific manner and this may cause such a large number of unexpected issues. Such race touchy scenes ought not be demonstrated in films to be on the more secure side. The film likewise offered ascend to abhor wrongdoing after its discharge. Above case which has been examined in the paper turned into a significant case in the American constitution. ââ¬Å"A exceptionall y charged box of firecrackers is the most ideal approach to depict Mississippi Burning. It is 1964 and the Civil Rights Movement is destroying numerous territories in the Deep South. Mississippi is certainly the most sweltering spot of all as the whole state is by all accounts split among whites and African Americans.â⬠(Mississippi Burning) The three African American men who were killed in Mississippi were looking for equity, they needed the option to cast a ballot like some other American however this didn't go down excessively well with The Ku Klux Klan and the neighborhood police specialists. Those three men were kidnapped and killed heartlessly. Miburn was the name of mission attempted by the FBI to illuminate this secret, Miburn represented Mississippi consuming and the examination found the cadavers of those three social liberties laborers and the examination likewise found the personality of the individuals who executed them. ââ¬Å"The U. S. Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-64252804762823453862020-07-23T17:55:00.001-07:002020-07-23T17:55:02.865-07:00Professor Goldbergs Financial Services Sector in the 21st Century Final Case Presentations at Bank of America Merrill Lynch in New York COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions BlogProfessor Goldbergâs Financial Services Sector in the 21st Century Final Case Presentations at Bank of America Merrill Lynch in New York COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I had the pleasure of taking Professor Richard Goldbergâs course, Global Financial Services Sector in the 21st Century, during the fall semester of 2013. It was a valuable experience to learn from a 25-year Wall Street veteran who has covered the financial sector for international MA (Mergers Acquisitions) and worked at various global banks. Professor Goldberg is actively involved with the Columbia University community in general, and particularly with the IFEP concentration. The course provided a framework within which students could evaluate and understand the global financial services industry. In class, we explored perspectives such as the current and future roles of the major financial services participants, key driver s influencing an industry that has always been characterized by significant change, and strategic challenges and opportunities facing todayâs financial services CEOs. That said, this course is tailored so that students with various backgrounds can follow and appreciate all of the materials read and discussed. The assigned readings were current, applicable to todayâs financial markets, and focused on what was important. In particular, Professor Goldbergâs course taught how a SIPA student might look at global financial institutions from a different perspective, focusing more on global macroeconomic and political risk over just simple returns. For example, we learned about how regulatory changes in the capital markets could affect the global strategy of a financial institution, and how a supermarket approach may be of benefit to one institution but a boutique approach might be better for another, depending on a financial institutionâs strengths. Understanding the dynamics of policy and financial markets is a valuable proficiency that this course teaches. Clearly, the guest speakers (from banks and asset managers) and the two presentations were the highlights of the course. For example: For the final case study, we divided our class into teams. Each group recommended specific strategies to senior management at Bank of America Merrill Lynch New York headquarters that could potentially strengthen the bankâs position in the financial markets. Senior executives provided feedback to all teams on how our suggestions would or would not be feasible in the current marketplace. This live presentation to professionals was a unique experience, especially for students who have not worked much prior to attending SIPA. The skills acquired in this course will serve students well in several sectors; however, itâs tailored for careers in finance, banking, management consulting, and policy-making. I encourage students with various backgrounds to take Richard Goldbergâs course, because it teaches rich information, offers great opportunities, and is entertaining. Posted by Andreas Maerki, MPA â14, IFEP Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-47874387435567519212020-05-22T04:55:00.001-07:002020-05-22T04:55:08.363-07:00Assess the Sociological Perspectives on Crime Prevention.... The effectiveness of crime prevention strategies has increased in recent years and many sociologists believe that this is the result of society instilling tougher punishments upon itsââ¬â¢ members. Despite this, there are many other approaches that attempt to reduce crime. However, they also have their limitations. Clarke believes that situational crime prevention is an approach that focuses on reducing the opportunities for crime to occur rather than improving societyââ¬â¢s institutions. This is largely based on the rational choice theory, which demonstrates how criminals decide if they are going to carry out a crime based on its costs and benefits. Thus, situational crime prevention aims to reduce the benefits of crime and increase itsââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ ¦show more contentâ⬠¦Foucault however, argues that the prisons is one disciplinary institution that isnââ¬â¢t effective in reducing criminal activity through ââ¬Ëself-surveillanceââ¬â¢ as it urges an individual to dete r from the rest of society and their shared norms and values. He said that this constant supervision and forced discipline broke the will of the criminal and made him into a ââ¬Å"docile bodyâ⬠. His book ââ¬ËDiscipline and Punishââ¬â¢ lays out Foucaultââ¬â¢s thoughts on how the elite in society dominate and control the rest of society. Prisonââ¬â¢s major goal was to reduce crime by punishing the criminal. Prisons should also deter others from committing crimes. According to Foucault, prisons did not meet their objective; in fact they made criminals worse and this has infiltrated into all parts of society. In conclusion, there are many differences policies designed to reduce crime by approaching them in different ways. For example, SCP is an approach to reduces the ââ¬Ëopportunitiesââ¬â¢ for crime where as social and community crime prevention attempts to reduce crime through tackling itsââ¬â¢ root causes. Despite these differences some believe that priso ns from the 19th century remain the most effective in reducing crime. However, this is stillShow MoreRelatedSociology Essay20437 Words à |à 82 Pagesof Education Unit 2.2 Developments in Education from the 19th Century to 1997 Unit 2.3 Sociological Theories of Education Unit 2.4 Social Class and Educational Opportunity Unit 2.5 Gender and Educational Opportunity Unit 2.6 Ethnicity and Educational Opportunity Unit 2.7 Government Policy and Education Unit 2.8 Researching Education Module 3 Sociological methods Unit 3.1 Introduction to Sociological Methods Unit 3.2 Primary Sources (1): Quantitative Methods and Data: Social surveys, questionnairesRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words à |à 61 Pagescore propositions are easily understood (e.g., the lack of social bonds or of self-control increases criminal involvement). Second, Hirschi is combative and thus controversial. He stakes out a theoretical position and then argues that alternative perspectives are wrong. Hirschi (1983) has long been antagonistic to attempts to integrate theories. 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In this tale, Reverend Hooper, a young, unassuming, and unremarkable minister in everyway, suddenly dons a black veil, to the shock and mystery of the small town he preaches in. He becomes a pariah with his insistence to remove it, and loses his following and even his fiancee. He insists even on his deathbed to keep the veil into the grave. The big, unsolved mystery, howeverââ¬âthat remains unsolveable for both the reader and the townspeopleââ¬âis why the veil? Hawthorne leaves this open to interpretation, but in his typical fashion, leaves aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬Å"There is an hour to comewhen all of us shall cast aside our veils,â⬠the reverend said, but maybe the townspeople werent ready to give up their perfect visages just yet. The people of Milford not wanting to admit their lies under THEIR veils might have just made them squirm a little bit more. (And if you feel like squirming a little more too, try listening to it. Iââ¬â¢m a big purveyor of audiobooks and if you listen to this one, it sounds like Goosebumps from your childhood). That also explains some of the finger pointing from the most suspicious (and superstitious) of the townspeople. While most chattered rumors in private, some searched to find sinister explanations for the ministerââ¬â¢s sudden change in appearance. Surprisingly, witchcraft didnââ¬â¢t really come up. While the minister was overseeing a funeral, one woman swore she saw the corpse shudder when the ministers face was able to be ââ¬Ëseenââ¬â¢ by it under his veil. There was even a theory that someone saw the spirit of the minister and the spirit of the aforementioned dead girl walking hand in hand. Sounds pretty dark, and also sounds like they were trying to cast doubt on the minister. That might even make his message (of secret sin) not have so much credence. Sounds like those sneaky Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-29724262581783237222020-05-06T09:21:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:21:07.203-07:00Factors Affecting the Loan Repayment of Rice Farmers in Ragay Free Essays As being observed in the Philippine situation the common problem and also not a new issue in agriculture sector is the low productivity and low income of farmers which can be attributed to their lack of capital. Many farmers have no enough savings or cash on hand to purchase new inputs including machineries, chemicals, pesticides and high yielding varieties of seeds which will help them to improve their earnings because these inputs are usually expensive. As an answer to this dilemma they rely on credit and the proliferation of different credit institutions is a great help to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Affecting the Loan Repayment of Rice Farmers in Ragay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The credit need of the farmers were being experienced especially those who are engage in rice production because it needs a large amount of money for investment. These credit needs of the rice farmers were being provided by the two types of institutions namely the formal and informal lending institutions. The formal sources of credit include the banking and non-banking institutions. The mere examples of it are the rural bank, commercial bank, and cooperatives (Duran 2001) while the informal sources are the private moneylenders, relatives, friends, traders and millers. With the availability of the credit institutions in rural areas, it allows the farmers to maintain and sustain their productivity since income in this country is generally low (Cacho, 1995). Credit can be defined as a means of entrusting and believing from and since trust is an important ingredient in providing it, the lenders rely on a promise of the borrower to pay in the future (Guevarra, 1995). But it is a problem encountered by these formal and informal lending institutions that the farmer-borrowers were not able to pay their obligation at the expected time. Statement of the Problem With a total farm area of more or less 23,036 hectares almost 2,182 hectares in Ragay, Camarines Sur is being planted with rice and the need for credit can be observed in its production. It is therefore important that the credit institutions proliferate in this area to help and assist the rice farmers. The government intervenes through the promotion and development of the organization that will provide agricultural loan so as to improve the income of rice farmers, which include the development of the rural bank and cooperatives in the area. Together with the expansion of the formal institutions the informal lenders also expand and gave a significant role in alleviating the lack of capital by the rice farmers. With this expansion of credit sources the problem, which cannot be avoided by these institutions is the high percentage of loan delinquency by the borrowers. Though the high collection performance or high repayment rate would not necessarily mean the ultimate measure of successful operation of the institutions, a low repayment rate adversely affects the operation and stability of the different lending agencies. Also through loan default, credit institutions in Ragay were not able to improve and expand their services and sometimes lead to failure in providing efficient services. Significance of the Study Lack of capital or inadequate fund of the rice farmers in Ragay, Camarines Sur hinders their increase in production and income. They are not able to purchase production inputs and adopt new technologies to produce more output for sale and a credit as a source of capital is a big help to them but repayment of their loan is a pressing problem to the lending institutions in this area. This study will focus in increasing the repayment rate or increasing the non-repayment if not totally eliminating it to help the lending institutions in improving their services for the rice farmers. This study will also provide data that will help them to improve their loan collection and supervision for their sustainability though improving strict rules and regulation regarding borrowing. For the farmer borrowers, this study will help them to realize the factor which affect their repayment so as they will able to look for ways that will minimize their low or no-repayment of loans. It will also help them to understand that certain factor/factors of repayment decrease their capability of repaying the loan and therefore there is a need for them to do something to minimize those factors, which can be controlled. Objectives of the Study The general objective of the study is to analyze the factors affecting the loan repayment of rice farmers in Ragay, Camarines Sur. The specific objectives are the following: 1. o identify the common credit sources of rice farmers in Ragay, Camarines Sur; 2. to identify the factors affecting the rice farmersââ¬â¢ choice of credit source; 3. to determine the loan purpose of the rice farmer-borrowers; 4. to determine the relationship of the factors affecting the repayment performance of the rice farmer borrowers; 5. to determine the problems encountered by rice farmers in loan repayment; and 6. to compare the repayment performance of rice farmers by source of credit. How to cite Factors Affecting the Loan Repayment of Rice Farmers in Ragay, Papers Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-60399516230283867952020-04-27T08:58:00.001-07:002020-04-27T08:58:03.469-07:00Merchant Of Venice-Portia Essays - Shakespearean Comedies Merchant Of Venice-Portia When William Shakespeare wrote, The Merchant of Venice, he included a female character that influences the play dramatically. In most of Shakespeare's plays, the women have little power and intelligence. In The Merchant of Venice, however, Portia is a woman that saves the life of a man with her wit and intelligence. Another woman created by Shakespeare that posses qualities similar to Portia is Beatrice, from Much Ado about Nothing. Both women add to the main themes of the play because of their ability to use their intelligence and witty remarks as well as having a loving heart. The women share many similarities as well as many differences which seem to be inevitable because Portia seems to be put on a pedestal that very few can reach. Portia is one of Shakespeare's great heroines, whose beauty, lively intelligence, quick wit, and high moral seriousness have blossomed in a society of wealth and freedom. She is known throughout the world for her beauty and virtue, and she is able to handle any situation with her sharp wit. In many of Shakespeare's plays, he creates female characters that are presented to be clearly inferior to men. The one female, Shakespearean character that is most like Portia would be Beatrice, from Much Ado about Nothing. Both of the women are known for their wit and intelligence. Beatrice is able to defend her views in any situation, as does Portia. Shakespeare gives each of them a sense of power by giving their minds the ability to change words around, use multiple meanings and answer wisely to the men surrounding them. By adding a loving heart to both of these women, Shakespeare makes their intelligence more appealing. Even though Beatrice hides the loving side of her character for most of th e play, she still expresses her kindness and love in other ways. Like Portia, she is a dear friend and an obedient daughter. In the fourth act, after Portia has saved the life of Antonio, she uses her wit, just as Beatrice does to test Benedict's love, to convince Bassanio to surrender the ring that he vowed he would never part with. After simply asking for it and being unsuccessful, she decides to use her intelligence and says, I see sir, you are liberal in offers. / You taught me first to beg, and now methinks / You teach me how a beggar should be answer'd (IV.ii.438-440). The only main difference between the two women is the way they are perceived by the other characters. Portia is thought of as a perfect angel possessing no flaws, which is shown when Bassanio describes her to Antonio and says, In Belmont is a lady richly left, / And she is fair and, fairer than that word, / Of wondrous virtues? Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth, / For the four winds blow in from every coast / Renowned suitors, and her sunny locks / Hang on her temples like a golden fleece, / Which makes her seat of Belmont Colchis' strond, / And many Jasons come in quest of her (I.i.161-172). Portia displays all the graces of the perfect Renaissance lady. She is not ambitious, she is quiet rather than restrictive. She is modest in her self-estimation. Her generous spirit makes her wish she had more virtue, wealth, and friends so that she can better help those she loves. Beatrice, on the other hand, is not described as beautiful and even though she is well liked in her society, she is not thought of in the same godly way as Portia is. Besides saving the life of Antonio, Portia is also used to convey the theme of deceptive appearances. Throughout the play, Shakespeare uses his characters to show the audience that a person cannot be judged by how they appear to the eye and that a person can truly be identified by their inner soul. Bassanio chooses the lead casket and proves that even though the other caskets appeared to be beautiful and trustworthy, the treasure was found in the casket of lead. Shakespeare foreshadows the theme of appearances when Portia says to her new husband, You see me, Lord Bassanio, where I Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-90793937079622660442020-03-19T09:23:00.001-07:002020-03-19T09:23:02.344-07:00Crucible Act 2 essaysCrucible Act 2 essays In The Crucible certain characters are either accepted or condemned because of their actions pertaining to the hysteria of witchcraft during the turbulent times of Salem. When the trials first started, hysteria began growing into serious crimes that would have the person accused both losing all of their belongings and confessing to a crime that they had not committed or to be hanged and to keep their pride. The trials make the hysteria worse in the town and give way to the accusations of even more and more people for even less probable reasons. People in Salem were affected differently from these trials and were given different responsibilities that they must handle to keep the town safe, such characters are Abigail and John Proctor. During the second act of The Crucible, Abigail began to blow many things out of proportion. As seen in the first act she blamed Tituba in hopes of getting away with her crime unscathed, but things soon grew out of proportion and she was given the chance to accuse more and more people for her own benefit. Abigail then started to attack peoples reputation and because of her accusations, she was made stronger, she especially wanted to be a better person in the eyes of Salem than Goody Proctor and so she staged a deceiving act that made it seem that she was attacked by the witch-loving Goody Anne Proctor and her spirit conjuring powers. Abigail was conniving against the entire town to make them believe that she was a saint or in her own words, Gods finger (Miller Pg. 62) Because of her responsibility to the town to be able to see who was working with the devil, she gained respect and a huge amount of power in Salem and was therefore considered important because of her ability to assur e everyone of the presence of witchcraft in Salem. Proctor though, was the exact opposite of Abigail and her response to witchcraft. Proctor saw that the entire idea of ... Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-73904934582586539822020-03-03T01:09:00.001-08:002020-03-03T01:09:02.464-08:00Critical Analysis ExampleCritical Analysis Example Critical Analysis Example Critical Analysis Example: Learn, Learn, and Learn Once Again Vladimir Lenin used to say To Learn, to Learn and to Learn Once Again. So let us follow his advice and learn writing critical analysis. It is obvious that any skill should be learned from professionals: a cook will best teach you how to cook, a shoemaker to make shoes, a poet to write poems. And if you want to learn how to perform the critical analysis you should study examples of those people, who already know how to do that. Let us consider what aspects you should pay attention to in the critical analysis example. Aspects of the Critical Analysis Example Logic. The first thing you should look at in the critical analysis example that you examine is logic. Find the connection between every statement in the critical analysis example. If you learn to see drawbacks in logic of other authors, you will not make such mistake yourself and moreover you will develop critical thinking skill. Structure. Any critical analysis example must contain an overview, detailed analysis and conclusions. Do not try to change this traditional structure, it must be the same in your critical analysis. Points of view. Above all, you have to understand that critical analysis means unbiased analysis, if you do not want to sound preconceived, remember this. You should pay attention to how clearly the author of the critical analysis example expresses his point of view. For the analysis to be critical other viewpoints also must be analyzed. The author of the critical analysis example (and you when you write your critical analysis) should consider also those viewpoints that do not support his (your) own. Your attitude. When you read enough critical analysis examples, you will almost definitely experience the temptation of copying and combining them for your own critical analysis. If you manage to resist this temptation, before writing your critical analysis think over what you have read, consider what you agree or disagree on with the author of the critical analysis example: Critical Analysis Essay Final Note When you consider the critical analysis example, you should pay attention to every abovementioned aspects. A good critical analysis example contains all of them and makes things clear for you, i.e. does not leave any questions after reading. It is not easy to write the critical analysis if you are not experienced in it, but learning from critical analysis examples will smooth things down for you and make you a professional with competent essay writing service! Read also: Descriptive Essay Writing Argumentative Essay Topics Writing Thesis Papers Writing a Dissertation Proposal Thesis Topics Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-16086308647977287002020-02-15T16:33:00.001-08:002020-02-15T16:33:02.903-08:00Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2Auditing - Essay Example The Big 4 dominate the auditing industry to such an extent that policy makers are worried about the effects of a possible reduction in their number. Questions such as pricing power, bargaining power, quality of audits, the independence of audited financial reports and other matters that usually attend to an oligopoly has bedevilled government regulators and industry experts alike. This paper looks at some of the outstanding issues facing an industry with few market players, especially on the possible scenarios when any of the Big 4 exits the market altogether for whatever reason. The Big 4 auditing and accounting firms, together with professional and accountancy organizations, are actively promoting positive reforms in both their accounting and reporting standards to improve credibility and confidence in audited financial reports. At present, these big four comprise an oligopoly that dictated prices for their services. In classical economic theory, this is an imperfect competition where a few sellers can manipulate prices if they want to. Economists call it as the concentration ratio or C4 in which the four biggest firms control more than 60% of an industry similar to aircraft manufacturing and telecommunications. In fact, a report by the General Accounting Office (GAO) of the US (renamed now to General Accountability Office in 2004) indicated concentration to be higher, approximately 78% of all the publicly-listed companies that constituted 99% of all public company sales (Bloom & Schrim 2005) and has serious implications with regards to the risks for collusion. The GAO report was commissioned in response to the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act the previous year and also due to concerns about the effects of audit mergers and consolidation on competition, cost, quality, pricing and the cherished principles of auditor independence. Due to the few market players in an oligopoly, the action of one market participant tends to be known by Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-41249895821265817202020-02-02T10:37:00.001-08:002020-02-02T10:37:03.327-08:00Formal and Informal Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsFormal and Informal Testing - Research Paper Example Let us discuss some formal and informal assessment techniques in order to know how they can help teachers assess the learning level of their students. Formal Assessment Techniques Weaver (n.d.) states, ââ¬Å"Formal assessments have data which support the conclusions made from the testâ⬠. Such assessments provide ways to the teachers to assess their studentsââ¬â¢ performance using standardized measures. Two of the widely used formal assessment techniques include non-referenced tests and criterion referenced tests. Non-Referenced Tests Using norm-referenced tests, teachers compare performance of each student to a large number of other students. Teachers prepare one test for all students to compare the performance of each student with the performances of other students. Such tests make teachers know which students is the best performer among all other students. Another advantage is increase in the level of motivation for the students. Such tests provide motivation and appreciat ion to the best performer. When a student is told that his/her performance is the best in the class, it increases motivation of the student. Along with advantages, there also exist a couple disadvantages of using non-referenced tests. First one of those disadvantages is that scores do not show actual knowledge of the students, which students of a specific grade level must possess, rather they show the performance in relation to the individual performances of other students. Moreover, the goal of excellence in class performance cannot be achieved because there is no standard criterion set for exams. Teachers measure performances of students against each other instead of a specific criterion, which does not reflect actual learning of the students. Criterion Referenced Tests In these types of tests, performance of the students is compared to a standard criterion set by the teachers instead of comparing with other students. Such tests provide accurate assessment to the teachers. These t ests help teachers know whether there students have acquired the required amount of knowledge or they need to improve their learning skills. The results of such tests reflect actual skills of students instead of reflecting individual edge of students over other students. If a student meets the set criterion, it means that he/she is learning well in the classroom. Some of the concerns regarding use of these tests for assessment include criterion validity and individual rankings. For these tests, a proper criterion needs to be set. Sometimes teachers set improper criterion that does not properly measure what it should actually measure. Moreover, students like to know their individual rankings but in these tests, they cannot know it because their performances are not compared with others. Informal Assessment Techniques In informal assessment, teachers use multiple ways to assess studentsââ¬â¢ performance. Sawetch (2009) states, ââ¬Å"An informal assessment can compromise of almost any teaching in the classroom that an individual student has to participate inâ⬠. Some of the widely used informal assessment techniques include checklists and oral interviews. Let us discuss both of these methods in some detail. Checklists A checklist is a list of skills, knowledge, and other qualities that teacher creates to know whether their students possess those qualities or not. If a student is short of any specific quality, the teacher can work to improve that quality of the student. Checklist method is not a very time consuming one. A teacher can Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-14826857525258318062020-01-25T07:01:00.001-08:002020-01-25T07:01:03.710-08:00Abortion And Peace :: essays research papers Abortion à à à à à I knew from day one that this essay was not gonna be easy. Abortion is not an easy subject. Before I say any thing I would just like to say that I donââ¬â¢t think men should have a say in this at all. I am Pro- choice. This to me, means that people should have the right to make decisions for them selves, you know, Freedom? a right of the United States of America. I think individuals should be responsible for their own bodies and what they do to them selves. If they have an abortion its their business and no one else. A woman should be able to get an abortion with out having to be discriminated by protesters. I donââ¬â¢t think abortion is pretty but neither is heart surgery. I do think abortion is bad but I think itââ¬â¢s important that we can have choices. I have looked at it from both sides and actually I agree with both sides. I donââ¬â¢t know if thatââ¬â¢s good or bad but I personally think that itââ¬â¢s good. It doesnââ¬â¢t mean Iââ¬â¢m confused it just means both sides have their highs and lows. I have picked pro-choice because although I donââ¬â¢t like abortion, I donââ¬â¢t think we should rid (of) it completely, I donââ¬â¢t like smokin but I donââ¬â¢t say lets get rid of that. There's lots of things we donââ¬â¢t like but that doesnââ¬â¢t mean they are bad or wrong. What is outrageous to one may be civilized to others. Clearly the best out come of this conflict would be compromise. Not a compromise to solve the problem but a compromise to satisfy people in conflict until further question. If we reach a compromise both sides will feel like they are a step in the right direction. My idea of a compromise is very simple. Many pro-lifes strongly disagree with abortion but are willing to make an exception for raped victims and any thing that goes along with rape. Pro-choice feel for those people especially, I feel that pro-choice people would go for a compromise big time. Since both sides have that sliver of agreement I think to get an abortion you should have to pass certain requirements. Some requirements are; proof of rape, and/or if the pregnancy will kill the mother then an abortion will be acceptable. There will be various other exceptions but those are the two that stand out. Abortion And Peace :: essays research papers Abortion à à à à à I knew from day one that this essay was not gonna be easy. Abortion is not an easy subject. Before I say any thing I would just like to say that I donââ¬â¢t think men should have a say in this at all. I am Pro- choice. This to me, means that people should have the right to make decisions for them selves, you know, Freedom? a right of the United States of America. I think individuals should be responsible for their own bodies and what they do to them selves. If they have an abortion its their business and no one else. A woman should be able to get an abortion with out having to be discriminated by protesters. I donââ¬â¢t think abortion is pretty but neither is heart surgery. I do think abortion is bad but I think itââ¬â¢s important that we can have choices. I have looked at it from both sides and actually I agree with both sides. I donââ¬â¢t know if thatââ¬â¢s good or bad but I personally think that itââ¬â¢s good. It doesnââ¬â¢t mean Iââ¬â¢m confused it just means both sides have their highs and lows. I have picked pro-choice because although I donââ¬â¢t like abortion, I donââ¬â¢t think we should rid (of) it completely, I donââ¬â¢t like smokin but I donââ¬â¢t say lets get rid of that. There's lots of things we donââ¬â¢t like but that doesnââ¬â¢t mean they are bad or wrong. What is outrageous to one may be civilized to others. Clearly the best out come of this conflict would be compromise. Not a compromise to solve the problem but a compromise to satisfy people in conflict until further question. If we reach a compromise both sides will feel like they are a step in the right direction. My idea of a compromise is very simple. Many pro-lifes strongly disagree with abortion but are willing to make an exception for raped victims and any thing that goes along with rape. Pro-choice feel for those people especially, I feel that pro-choice people would go for a compromise big time. Since both sides have that sliver of agreement I think to get an abortion you should have to pass certain requirements. Some requirements are; proof of rape, and/or if the pregnancy will kill the mother then an abortion will be acceptable. There will be various other exceptions but those are the two that stand out. Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-10334387669555831622020-01-17T03:25:00.001-08:002020-01-17T03:25:05.070-08:00Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational ApproachFormal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-à being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevit able that it supports the flow of social life and companyââ¬â¢s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganizationââ¬â¢s productivity (Litterst & Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage the flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource avai lable and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben & Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information.Ruben & Stewart (2006) also stated that success in oneââ¬â¢s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organizationââ¬â¢s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow o f communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst & Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-à ? of-à ? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011) . There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probability chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-à ? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Fl exibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal channels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATION AL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time MisunderstandingCost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving companyââ¬â¢s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and preferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this companyââ¬â¢s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-à ? of-à ? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research ofAndr ea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-à ? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested that formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo & Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communication can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C & Romando, P 2011, ââ¬ËCase study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integrationââ¬â¢, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-à ? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ââ¬ËFormal and informal communication channels in creating Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach Formal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-à being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevit able that it supports the flow of social life and companyââ¬â¢s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganizationââ¬â¢s productivity (Litterst & Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage the flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource avai lable and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben & Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information.Ruben & Stewart (2006) also stated that success in oneââ¬â¢s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organizationââ¬â¢s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow o f communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst & Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-à ? of-à ? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011) . There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probability chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-à ? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Fl exibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal channels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATION AL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time MisunderstandingCost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving companyââ¬â¢s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and preferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this companyââ¬â¢s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-à ? of-à ? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research ofAndr ea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-à ? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested that formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo & Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communication can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C & Romando, P 2011, ââ¬ËCase study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integrationââ¬â¢, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-à ? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ââ¬ËFormal and informal communication channels in creating Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-72871064750160715342020-01-08T23:48:00.001-08:002020-01-08T23:48:04.768-08:00Greek Myth And Play Oedipus The King Essay - 1405 Words Throughout the movie Lone Star, the influence of the Greek myth and play Oedipus the King play an important role in the movie line. The influence that Oedipus has on the characters of Lone Star causes the movie to become a modern interpretation of Sophoclesââ¬â¢ infamous play. Although the two are different and remain unique in their own regards, there are several key aspects that unite the movie and play. Without the presence of boundaries, the issue of relationships and the influence of lies and secrets on the characters and outlying communities Lone Star would not have connection to Oedipus the King. An important theme to both Lone Star as well as Oedipus The King if that of boundaries. This can be viewed in both a geographical sense as well as a personal journey. Sam Deeds in Lone Star recently returned home to take up the post of his late father, the Sheriff of Rio County. The town, named Frontera, lies on the border of Texas and Mexico, causing border crossing to be an app arent theme in Samââ¬â¢s quest for justice. As Geoffrey W. Bakewell writes in his article Oedipus Tex: Lone Star, Tragedy and Postmodernism ââ¬Å"Boundaries are crucial: crossing them brings knowledge and exacts a priceâ⬠(39). Sam travels geographical borders in order to uncover the killer of Sheriff Charlie Wade as well as to find out more about the habits of Buddy, Samââ¬â¢s late father. Sam desired to learn of the killer of Charlie Wade, even if it was his father. However, the discovery of Wadeââ¬â¢s body openedShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Connection to Oedipus the King1387 Words à |à 6 PagesScholar Robert Graves wrote in 1995, ââ¬Å"Myth has two main functions. The first is to answer the sort of awkward questions that children ask, such as ââ¬ËWho made the world? How will it end? Who was the first man? Where do souls go after death?ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ ¦The second function of myth is to justify an existing social system and account for traditional rites an d customs.â⬠Oedipus the King written by Sophocles in 430 B.C. focuses around the second function that Graves noted. The play has been around for centuries, hasRead MoreOedipus Rex by Sophocles889 Words à |à 3 PagesSophoclesââ¬â¢s Oedipus the King, fate is primary theme in the play. The influence of fate goes beyond the play but how Greeks viewed fate entirely. Also, Oedipus somewhat represented the Athenian political system and the people of Athens by his leadership. And lastly, having the play unfold, one is able to sympathize with Oedipus and strike pity and fear rather than disgust from his sins. The power of fate in Oedipus the King was one that shaped the entire story. In the beginning of the play, Oedipus heardRead MoreThe Role Of Fate And Fate In Oedipus1075 Words à |à 5 Pagesfake or a fraud, which is usually true. In stories, however, things like fate and destiny play a large role. It is a common trope found in most novels. There are peaceful fates, but in the case of Oedipus, it was an unruly one, in which he was set on a path to his own demise. The story itself starts at the point in time in which all the Oracle of Delphi had told was true, but everyone was oblivious to it. Oedipus had already killed his father and married his mother, even bore children with her. It isRead MoreThe Classical Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King950 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"Greeceââ¬â¢s Golden Age introduced many excellent playwrights, all of whom contributed to the success of Greek Literatureâ⬠(sites.google/ Playwrights of the Golden Age). Sophocles, the author of the classic tragedy, Oedipus the King, was one of the three best play writers during that time frame. Born in 495 B.C., Sophocles ââ¬Å"lived for nearly ninety years through the most of the turbulent events of his country during the fifteenth century B.C.â⬠(Charters and Charters). He was born in Colonus, not farRead MoreLacan once said, in an unpublished seminar, ââ¬Å"the Oedipus Complex is a dream of Freudâ⬠(Felman,1600 Words à |à 7 Pages Lacan once said, in an unpublished seminar, ââ¬Å"the Oedipus Complex is a dream of Freudâ⬠(Felman, 1034). It is a questionable theory and a so-called ââ¬Ëdreamââ¬â¢ because Sigmund Freud developed the Oedipus complex in such a way that allowed him to stand as an example of his own theory. It begins with what Freud would call ââ¬Ëintrospectionââ¬â¢; the analysis of oneââ¬â¢s self. He developed terms to use in his psychoanalysis; terms that divide the self and attempt to explain aspects of the human personality. AddingRead MoreAncient Greek Theater1235 Words à |à 5 PagesCheeseââ¬â¢s, or not letting you hang out with that dreamy hunk Bryan on Saturday. For Oedipus, killing his parents was not something petty he threatened when he got too worked up, but rather his fate. This suspenseful and masterful plot, conceived by the legendary playwright Sophocles, was one of the many groundbreaking works to come out of fifth century BC Greece. Works of ancient Greek theater, particularly Oedipus the King, embodied the spirit of innovation that fifth century BC Athens was known for.Read More Oedipus the King: A Tragic Hero Essay2117 Words à |à 9 PagesIn most dramatic plays, tragedy usually strikes the protagonist of the play and leads him, or her, to experience devastating losses. While tragic instances can be avoided, there are other instances where oneââ¬â¢s fate and future is out of the protagonistââ¬â¢s control. In Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles and first performed around 249 BC, Oedipus cannot escape his destiny and even though he tries to overcome and circumvent prophecy, he finds out that supernatural forces will get what they want inRead More Oedipus the King Essay1073 Words à |à 5 PagesOedipus the King The ancient Greeks were famous for their tragedies. These dramas functioned to ââ¬Å"ask questions about the nature of man, his position in the universe, and the powers that govern his lifeâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Greekâ⬠1). Brereton (1968) stated that tragedies typically ââ¬Å"involved a final and impressive disaster due to an unforeseen or unrealized failure involving people who command respect and sympathy. It often entails an ironical change of fortune and usually conveys a strong impression ofRead MoreTheme Of Irony In Oedipus The King827 Words à |à 4 PagesThe presence of irony in ââ¬Å"Mythâ⬠by Muriel Rukeyser, ââ¬Å"My Oedipus Complexâ⬠by Frank Oââ¬â¢Connor, and ââ¬Å"Oedipus the Kingâ⬠by Sophocles link these three literary pieces together. However, each of the works utilize different forms of irony in different levels to specifically present their message. In Rukeyserââ¬â¢s short poem, the narrator uses verbal irony through Oedipusââ¬â ¢ conversation with the Sphinx and dramatic irony through Oedipusââ¬â¢ shorthanded conclusions. Oââ¬â¢Connor uses situational irony in his short storyRead MoreOedipus versus Madea675 Words à |à 3 PagesOedipus vs. Madea Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings concerning the gods, goddesses, and heroes, and the world. It was the religion in ancient Greece, and the only one that they likely practiced, similar to how we practice religion today. Myths are thought to be present so that we can understand the nature of what a myth is. An important function of myths is to maintain natural and social order. Although the creation myth begins with Chaos, the story works to provide a specific Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-34471314900099915852019-12-31T20:12:00.001-08:002019-12-31T20:12:03.389-08:00That Evening Sun Literary Analysis Essay - 641 Words ââ¬Å"That Evening Sunâ⬠by William Faulkner is a good example of a great emotional turmoil transferred directly to the readers through the words of a narrator who does not seem to grasp the severity of the turmoil. It is a story of an African American laundress who lives in the fear of her common-law husband Jesus who suspects her of carrying a white mans child in her womb and seems hell bent on killing her. Many critics refer to That Evening Sun as one of the finest examples of narrative point of view. The story is told by Quentin Compson, whose voice Faulkner utilizes at two distinct times in the boys life. First, we have 24-year-old Quentin remembering a 15-year-old episode concerning Nancys fear of Jesus. This introductory point ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Throughout the short story several symbols appear. Mr. Stovell for example who is an illustration of both the economic system, he is a cashier at the bank, and the religious institutions, he is a Baptist deacon, of the South, refuses to pay Nancy for her services. Stovell is representative of all the bad in the South, and how the White take advantage of the Blacks, and dont get punished for it; he represents both the wealthy and the religious. Another symbol is certainly the way that Faulkner uses dark and light in the story. For Nancy that evening sun represents the danger that her absent lover presents to her. Jesus whose name is likely an ironic joke on Faulkners part represents danger and violence to Nancy, and he will wait until night has come to fall upon her. When it is light she feels safer, but once the darkness hits, danger is represented. The title of That Evening Sun refers to a popular black spiritual that begins, Lordy, how I hate to see that evening sun go down, which implies that once the sun sets, death is sure to follow. In conclusion, William Faulknerââ¬â¢s stories deal with a plethora of human problems, while at the same time they focus on social conflicts and misunderstanding. In, ââ¬Å"That Evening Sunâ⬠this can all be clearly seen, as he focuses on one of the most urgent problems of thatShow MoreRelatedAmy Lowell s `` Madonna Of The Evening Flowers `` And `` A Lover ``1061 Words à |à 5 Pagescombination of intertextuality, symbolism, and allusions.. I will analysis the following poems by Amy Lowell: ââ¬Å"The Taxiâ⬠ââ¬Å"Madonna of the evening flowersâ⬠ââ¬Å"A decadeâ⬠and ââ¬Å"A loverâ⬠. Using these poems I will analyze her common themes, structure, and figurative imagery. Amy Lowell often Amy Lowellââ¬â¢s most common themes are love, helplessness, loneliness and sex. The theme of loneliness is apparent in her poem, ââ¬Å"Madonna of the Evening Flowers.â⬠When the narrator is distanced from her lover she feels aloneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Youngest Daughter 1429 Words à |à 6 Pagesprior to the assigning of this paper. In Songââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Youngest Daughterâ⬠, we are introduced to a variety of meanings in which an analysis full of depth is required to clearly interpret and understand what it is that the speaker is attempting to bring across through the use of clever diction. The poem in itself also contains a compilation of carefully puzzle together literary techniques that are taught to be broken down to provide a good understanding of a work of literature to its readers. Every poemRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Katherine Mansfield992 Words à |à 4 PagesWhen one thinks of marriage, it is natural to imagine a happy couple, hand-in-hand, wa lking towards the sunset. Many literary pieces offer a contrasting opinion of marriage, depicting trials and tribulations, heartbreak, and unhappy endings. Katherine Mansfield s Bliss and Kate Chopin s The Story of an Hour offers a look into the darkness and angst that can lie within a marriage between two lovers. Both of these works depict the perspectives of the women from these unions. Bliss and TheRead MoreTechniques and Concerns of Modernism1482 Words à |à 6 PagesDemonstrate your understanding of the context and values of Modernism by close analysis of the techniques and concerns of Modernism that are reflected in one poem and one short story. Modernism as a movement is an artistic reaction to the conventional art and literature of mid- to late 19th century. World War I introduced advanced technology and the introduction of industrialisation provoked Modernist writers to express their concerns about the changing society and the complexities it of throughRead More Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey1435 Words à |à 6 Pagesidentified as the Gothic Sublime sets the stage for analysis of its relationship to other types of literature. What constitutes Sublime literature? More importantly, how may sublime literature relate to Magical Realist literature? Through examination of The Monkey, the relationship between Sublime literature and Magical Realist literature can be defined. à Scholars have traced the history of Sublime literature back to the third century literary critic Longinus. In his work Peri Hypsos, he laysRead More Critical Analysis of Edvard Munchs The Scream Essay1404 Words à |à 6 PagesCritical Analysis of Edvard Munchs The Scream The Scream, sometimes known as The Cry was painted by Edvard Munch in 1893. Some say Munch played a role in the development of German Expressionism, though the Norwegian painter turned down two offers to join the group, and preferred not to be classified, or put into a category. This painting was part of Munchs The Frieze of Life, a series of paintings each portraying a phase of life - as defined by Munch: Birth of Love, BlossomingRead Morehope3544 Words à |à 15 PagesUnit 3 Analysis of Fiction This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals 21st Century SkillsYou will use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, employ online tools for research and analysis and communicate effectively. Introduction Literature has long been a major source of information and entertainment. Learning to analyze literary work systematically can significantly add to your enjoyment and appreciation of literature. The aim of literary analysis is to extract informationRead MoreEssay The Great Gatsby2606 Words à |à 11 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby belongs to what Harold Bloom tags the ââ¬Å"tombâ⬠of literary archetypes, a family of fiction that espouses every facet of the expressive use of language (everything from Shakespeareââ¬â¢s plays to Dickensââ¬â¢ prose). As a participant in this tomb, The Great Gatsby has adopted a convenient persona in the world of twentieth century literature as ââ¬Å"the great American novel,â⬠a work that embodies the American thematic ideals of the self-made man, the great AmericanRead MoreMetaphors in Their Eyes Were Watching God1611 Words à |à 7 Pagesa phrase than what it literary means. Additionally, metaphors are also used to make rhetorical statements where one is speaking of something else but by the use of words that do not have the same meaning. Moreover, metaphors can be used when one is trying to compare two different items with different meanings to portray the same meaning in describing something (Arduini 83). The book ââ¬Å"Their e yes were watching Godâ⬠has several metaphors, which have different analyses. Analysis of Metaphors The bookRead MoreLangston Hughes And His Harlem Dream1902 Words à |à 8 Pageswas incorporated into the jazz form of music but traditional brass instruments were used prior to the invention of other advanced musical art forms (enotes.com) One among all made a significant change that can and never will be forgotten. A man of literary genius, social awareness, black pride and an undeniable intelligence, and that is the great voice of civil equality through the works of Langston Hughes as he was one of the vanguards of this movement and his poetry directly influenced this black Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-68949940439791714812019-12-23T15:59:00.001-08:002019-12-23T15:59:04.122-08:00John Calvin A Major Contributor As A Reformer - 992 Words John Calvin was a major Contributor as a reformer in Geneva. The Protestants were scattered heavily throughout Europe, and were considered leaders of the Reformation. Calvinââ¬â¢s work in the writing of the Institutes would arouse many throughout Europe the opportunity to present their faith and views as a church and enabled the Protestants to have a voice. Calvinââ¬â¢s strength as a reformer was his brilliance to organize the Ecclesiastical Ordinances within the church that would bring structure among the elders. John Calvin began impacting the Reformation through writing a treatise that would later lead to the publishing of the Institutes of the Christian Religion. These writings discussed Christian faith from the Protestant view point. Being able to elaborate on the Protestant faith was crucial to some, because most of the literature was met with strong attacks. Calvinââ¬â¢s father was part of the middle class, and served as a secretary to the bishop and was a procurator or a representative of others in the courts of the Roman civil law. Calvinââ¬â¢s father was able to obtain an income for him through ecclesiastical posts that would help pay for his expenses as a student. ââ¬Å"The first edition of the institution was published in 1536, when Calvin was twenty six. It was several times revised, but there was no development in Calvinââ¬â¢s thought after the first edition. Calvinââ¬â¢s genius was for organization rather than theological speculationâ⬠(Maunder 2011).This was t he beginning of the manyShow MoreRelatedJohn Calvin s Contributions Of The Reformation1370 Words à |à 6 PagesJohn Calvinââ¬â¢s Contributions John Calvin was one of the reformers who would bring reformation to the city of Geneva and help establish the Protestant faith among the community of Geneva and throughout Europe. His strength in the reformation was his ability to organize. John Calvin was a major Contributor as a reformer in Geneva. The Protestants were scattered heavily throughout Europe, and were considered leaders of the Reformation. Calvinââ¬â¢s work in the writing of the Institutes would arouse manyRead MoreJohn Calvin s Contributions Of The Reformation1325 Words à |à 6 PagesJohn Calvinââ¬â¢s Contributions Calvinââ¬â¢s strength as a reformer was his brilliance to organize the Ecclesiastical Ordinances within the church that would bring structure among the church and elders. Furthermore, his writings brought structure to the reformation and shaped theological doctrines. John Calvin was a major contributor as a reformer in Geneva. The Protestants were throughout Europe, and were considered leaders of the Reformation. Calvinââ¬â¢s work in the writing of the Institutes would arouseRead MoreThe Enlightenment Period : The Age Of Reason1332 Words à |à 6 Pagesthemselves, major developments in religion, science and philosophy occurred. Before the 1800s most people in Europe were Catholic. These individuals were not allowed to express other religious views or thoughts. Anybody who questioned the established beliefs was arrested or killed. During this time, popes were considered faultless; not a single person could tell them they were faulty. The papacy then underwent numerous attacks by the Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin. MartinRead MoreEssay Exam Euh10001386 Words à |à 6 Pagesnot present during Ottoââ¬â¢s reign. Otto I was finally crowned as Emperor in 962 AD, which legitimized his rule. However, he lost a lot of support from the local bishops and abbots so Otto appointed new bishops and abbots that would support him. Pope John joined forces with the Italians and opposed Otto, who responded by appointing a new pope to take Johnââ¬â¢s place. The conflict actually stems back to Pope Nicholas who issued a decree on Papal elections. The decree was to strengthen the power of theRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words à |à 604 PagesNature of Human Resource Management After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: ââ" Identify four major HR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-17408907102508010202019-12-15T12:29:00.001-08:002019-12-15T12:29:02.974-08:00Easter in Ukraine Free Essays Easter (in Ukrainian: ââ¬ËVelykdenââ¬â¢ or ââ¬ËPashaââ¬â¢) is the most important holiday of the year in Ukraine. Itââ¬â¢s celebrated on each first week after vernal equinox and full moon. Preparation for Easter starts seven weeks ahead of time with the advent of Lent. We will write a custom essay sample on Easter in Ukraine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Believers donââ¬â¢t eat meat and any animal products. Palm Sunday, the week before Easter, is known in Ukraine as Willow Sunday. People bring home willow branches which have been blessed in church and beat this willow of children that were not ill and were healthy. The week is dedicated to preparing for Easter. The Thursday before Easter is called Clean Thursday. During this time an effort is made to finish all field work before Thursday, since from Thursday on work is forbidden. Pure Thursday is connected with ritual of clarification by water. According to Ukrainian tradition one should bathe before sunrise on this day to be healthy all year. The house must be clean too. Good Friday is the day that the women of the family bake ââ¬Å"pashaâ⬠, Ukrainian Easter bread. On Saturday children dye Easter eggs to add to the Easter basket which will be blessed in church. It also includes pysanka, salt, pasha, sausage, ham and most of the people also put in basket red sweet wine. In the evening people go to church for the Easter mass, which lasts all night. After that people go home to celebrate Easter with their families. If they meet other people on the way they say: ââ¬Å"Christ is risen! â⬠and these people should reply ââ¬Å"Risen indeedâ⬠. All the people exchange Easter greetings and give each other painted eggs. On Easter day kids play their favorite Easter game: knocking the eggs. If you knock somebodyââ¬â¢s egg and your egg is not broken than you are the winner. The Easter season in Ukraine comes to an end with the cult of the dead is observed. The dead are remembered during the whole week after Easter, especially on the first Monday following Easter Sunday. People gather in the cemeteries, bringing with them some food, candies and wine, which they consume, leaving the rest at the graves. How to cite Easter in Ukraine, Essay examples Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-17999397292141086012019-12-07T09:12:00.001-08:002019-12-07T09:12:04.426-08:00Movement in Tanzania free essay sample ICA defines cooperative as autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a ointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise (1). This implies that in cooperative people come together with a common goal willingly without coercive force, Join on their own will. It also means that cooperatives are created by pooling or mixing interests, properties or labors. Members throw in their lot with other members who do the same, with a view to realizing benefits impossible by acting on those impossibilities one after another. Such benefits may include economies of scale, increases in productivity, retention of profits by workers or the comradeship of coordinated group action. Cooperatives are democratically controlled means that management of the cooperatives is on the basis of democracy whereby the top decision making organ is the general assembly ( the meeting of all members of the cooperative organization) of which the one is a member. We will write a custom essay sample on Movement in Tanzania or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The general assembly therefore, formulates the policies and guidelines for managing the organization. It also elects the board members of which the pillar of democracy of one member one vote dominates. Cooperatives are Jointly owned meaning that all the members are owners of the enterprise and its goal is the mutual benefit of members themselves, ith the result that if a co-operative is for-profit, profit is a means only, not an end, and such profit may be sacrificed, and if loss occur it is for all members. Co- operatives are autonomous in the sense that they should not be interfered with regard to states or any other party, though they are typically socially-owned in undivided shares and serve a public good. There are various forms cooperatives which show the same structure of organization both nationally and internationally. These cooperatives were formed with the people of the same goals and interests uch as to reduce high life standards in their areas of domicile, to fght for their rights in the work place, to improve housing conditions and so on. In Tanzania cooperatives were dominated by the peasants who were small scale producers and they formed producer cooperatives. So various forms cooperatives that existed in Tanzania are Producer cooperatives such as KNCU, consumer cooperatives such as the Cooperative Supply Association of Tanganyika (COSATA), Transport cooperatives such as Co-cabs and Coast region Transport cooperative (CORETCO) and Savings and credit cooperatives. Cooperatives on their formation are guided by some core values, ethical values and principles. ICA used these as the guidelines that identify the cooperative without which any cooperative cannot be recognized. Co-operatives are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity. In the tradition of their founders, co-operative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others. ICA also believes that the co-operative principles are guidelines by which co-operatives put their values into practice. They include Voluntary and open membership, Democratic member control, Economic participation by members, Autonomy and independence, Education, training and information, Cooperation among cooperatives, and concern for community Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-53929968988529954062019-11-29T20:54:00.001-08:002019-11-29T20:54:03.304-08:00NAVIGATING A SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL PROCESS PART 2 OF 3 - The Writers For Hire NAVIGATING A SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL PROCESS: PART 2 OF 3 Weââ¬â¢re Going Forward. What Next? The Go/No-Go meeting was held, and the decisionââ¬â¢s been made: Your company is going forward with the proposal. Now the ball is back in your court. Youââ¬â¢ve managed a proposal team before, but the contract was simple and called for far fewer resources. This one will require input from several divisions, and somehow, they all need to coordinate on a single 100-page document in just a few short weeks. You know the first step is setting up your team, but youââ¬â¢re not sure who should be on it. What resources do you need, and what should they do? Choosing the Right Team We asked a series of experts on proposal writing for some tips and best practices on setting up proposal teams. Meet our experts: Stephanie Hashagen Professional writer who frequently works on clientsââ¬â¢ proposal teams Dan Hewitt Process safety specialist who participates on well-orchestrated proposal teams using a proven approach at a major engineering firm Marion Winsett Career sales manager in oilfield equipment who has negotiated contracts and written countless proposals They gave us some time-tested advice, starting with a very important key concept: Be realistic. Itââ¬â¢s easy to put together a team based on a best-case scenario. Itââ¬â¢s much safer to put together a team based on a real-life scenario.Tweet this That is, assume the RFP will take more time than you think, and your team will have less time than they think. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s imperative you choose individuals who are capable of responding quickly to the proposal time constraints,â⬠Hashagen says. ââ¬Å"Be sure they donââ¬â¢t have too much on their plate, and consider whether their other responsibilities might require them to address something unexpected that is time critical for another client.â⬠The size of your team will likely depend on the size of your company and the complexity of the proposal. However, for most proposals, eight key roles must be filled. Proposal manager Sales team representative Contract manager Subject matter experts Estimator Writer Graphic artist (optional) Editor A few of your team members may wear more than one hat, but Hashagen advises, ââ¬Å"Remember to be realistic and be sure there are enough people on the team to meet the deadline.â⬠Proposal Team Roles A. Proposal Manager Who is in charge of getting this proposal to the finish line? Since you brought the proposal this far, you might be the assumed leader for this proposal project. But keep in mind that you may not be the best choice for the role of proposal manager. To be fair to yourself and your team, you must consider your strengths and the demands on your time: 1) Are you extremely detail-oriented, comfortable with pestering people, and used to juggling tight schedules on a day-to-day basis? 2) Are you managing other proposal teams, or are there significant demands on your time outside the proposal process such as managing other projects or generating sales? You must be able to answer yes to the first question and no to the second before you should consider yourself for the role of proposal manager. Failure to consider these questions honestly can result in a proposal that looks and reads like it was hastily put together. Hashagen goes on to outline the proposal managerââ¬â¢s responsibilities: Managing the schedule to make sure all deadlines are met Tracking the progress of each part of the proposal package Maintaining close communication with everyone, including subcontractors, who will provide information for (or write sections of) the proposal Collecting the information and the draft documents and distributing them to the right parties, or, if documents are to be routed and tracked in a document management system, ensuring that the information is relayed by the deadline and tracked in the system Providing the reviewed and revised input to those who will produce the final version of the proposal Distributing the package to the final review team Ensuring that the final review comments are provided to the proposal writers, the final proposal package undergoes a rigorous proofreading process, and the proposal is delivered on time. B. Sales Team Representative Hewitt emphasizes the importance of having someone from your sales force on the team. ââ¬Å"A person involved in external sales can provide important information about the company issuing the RFP. A person in inside sales lends experience in the proposal process and the proper organization, formatting, and template (if any). Either one can review the finished package with an experienced eye.â⬠à C.à Contract Manager Not to be confused with proposal manager, this person is the individual designated to manage the project once the contract has been won. Depending on the demands of his or her current project, the contract manager may or may not be expected to participate on the proposal team. ââ¬Å"In instances when the contract manager is too heavily involved in another project to participate on the team, the proposal manager relays team membersââ¬â¢ questions to the contract manager and provides information from the contract manager to the team,â⬠Hashagen says. D. Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) Select an SME from each discipline who will be involved in project delivery if the contract is won. ââ¬Å"The SME may simply provide the necessary information for a particular section or sections of the proposal,â⬠Hashagen explains. ââ¬Å"Or the SME may actually write the initial drafts of the sections pertaining to his or her discipline.â⬠SMEs participate in proposal team meetings so that important questions arenââ¬â¢t overlooked. Interdisciplinary communication improves the consistency and accuracy of the initial drafts. The combination of the SMEsââ¬â¢ expertise and experience is the reason your company should be chosen above your competitors. E. Estimator or Proposal Finance Manager This person is responsible for providing the projected costs that the RFP requires. If the estimator or proposal financial manager does not participate on the team itself, the person in this role is still responsible for providing the numbers to the proposal writers and for proofing the final proposal to ensure the accuracy of the financial data. F. Writer Your proposal package must be cohesive and written in a single voice. Although there are multiple contributors, someone must write the proposal so that it is properly organized, precisely stated, and consistent. In addition, the writer ensures that the proposal has an executive summary, a table of contents, and a conclusion, as well as a list of tables and figures and a list of related documents when required. If your business employs a writer or communications specialist, that person may serve as the writer. If not, a writing agency can be contracted for this role. How the writer proceeds will be determined at your first meeting. On some proposal teams, the proposal manager funnels all the information to the writer in the form of SME-drafted content and financial data. G. Graphics Artist (optional) If your template requires custom artwork for each proposal or you are preparing your first response to an RFP, you may need a graphic artist. This team member ensures that logos, illustrations, workflow diagrams, and organizational charts are attractive, consistent, and accurate. In an article for Entrepreneur called The 10 Things You Need to Know When Responding to RFPs, George Debb, managing partner at Red Rocket Ventures, suggests, ââ¬Å"Intersperse the companys logo and images throughout the presentation so you look like you put customized work into your response, tailored just for your recipient.â⬠H. Editor A capable editor carefully proofreads the final package with a fresh set of eyes. Significant errors in the proposal may cause the potential client to question whether your approach to the project itself will be less than fastidious. The editor must carefully double check the entire proposal to ensure that every deliverable requirement and every stipulation in the RFP has been addressed. Addressing the Need for Outside Resources It is likely that you addressed the need for additional resources in your early discussions with key personnel within your company, and also during the Go/No-Go meeting. (See our first blog post in this series, ââ¬Å"ââ¬Å"To Bid or Not To Bid.â⬠) If subcontractors are required, a team must be assembled to source and select the contractors. This team is often independent of the team writing the proposal and may be members of your sales force, as they likely have existing relationships with the subcontractors. This selection team must begin its work as soon as the decision has been made to proceed with the proposal. When selecting a subcontractor, your selection team should consider how much of the proposal youââ¬â¢ll need the subcontractor to handle. Winsett stresses the importance of working closely with the subcontractor(s). ââ¬Å"The (proposal) team and the subcontractor must agree to the terms in the RFP. Terms stipulated in the RFP that the subcontractor sees as roadblocks must be addressed immediately.â⬠Depending on the complexity of the contract, the subcontractor selection team or some of its members ââ¬Å"may be required to work with the subcontractors throughout the proposal process,â⬠Winsett adds. à Providing for Content from Sources Outside Your Company If the only information from outside sources is the cost of materials or hourly rates for extra resources your employees will be managing, the proposal teamââ¬â¢s estimator can furnish that data. In cases where the subcontractor contributes expertise or unique solution, the subcontractor may need to provide à proposal content. In that case, the proposal manager will transmit their contribution to the appropriate SME for review and to the writer for editing. Next in this Series: Ensuring a Successful Kickoff à Now youââ¬â¢re equipped to map out the key roles your proposal team should include and identify the optimum people to fill them. You also have the information youââ¬â¢ll need to help your team members understand exactly what theyââ¬â¢ll be expected to do. Now all you have to do is hold a kickoff meeting with your team to get the proposal process in gear. What should you cover? How can you avoid missteps ââ¬â and the risk of confusion, communication failures and missed deadlines? Read the third blog in our series to learn how to prepare for your kickoff and what youââ¬â¢ll need to cover to give your proposal the best possible chance of succeeding. Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-86682222669461826302019-11-25T20:40:00.001-08:002019-11-25T20:40:04.603-08:00Community Policing Programs in The U.S.Community Policing Programs in The U.S. Community policing can be defined as the partnership between a community and police officers to solve criminal problems which affect residents living there. It is a form of law enforcement which builds partnerships between police officers and members of communities with high criminal incidents meant to tackle the problem. Community policing has been used in different countries to enhance the safety and well being of all citizens by reducing crime rates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Community Policing Programs in The U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The U.S. is reputed to be one of the first countries in the world which embraced the concept of community policing. However, some urban areas in the US are full of violent criminal gangs which commit crimes recklessly. They mete out violence to their victims who are left with physical and psychological scars for the rest of their lives (Inciardi 122). Community pol icing offers law enforcement agencies an opportunity to handle criminal incidents before they happen by involving members of the public who report to the police promptly. Community policing programs make all citizens feel they have a duty to uphold law and order in areas they reside. There are many forms of crimes which criminals engage in. For instance, some criminals peddle narcotics and break into peopleââ¬â¢s homes to steal their property. Some police departments do not have enough police officers and this makes it difficult for them to maintain law and order in areas where they operate. The concept of community policing helps the public fill the void by keeping their communities safe from any criminal activities. Community residents need to have unified objectives to enable them to tackle issues which are related to crime effectively. They need to take an active role in their own welfare by collaborating with the police to stop criminals from endangering their security (Inci ardi 135). Supporters of community policing argue that the practice helps reduce high criminal incidents in the society. They insist that since many police departments are underserved, community policing is the only effective way through which criminal incidents can be curbed. They argue that community residents partner with the police to come up with effective approach to tackle criminal incidents (Nalla and Newman 67). They also argue that community policing helps promote public safety in areas with rampant criminal incidents. It improves the relationship between community residents and the police which help solve problems quickly. This partnership helps residents safeguard the welfare of their neighborhood which ensures criminal incidents are contained before they take place (Nalla and Newman 67). Community policing makes residents living in an area be more vigilant on different activities which happen in their neighborhoods. This fosters a sense of duty and responsibility in peo ple living in a particular area. Therefore, residents are able to have a neighborhood watch, which helps protect them against any criminal threats (Nalla and Newman 67).Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Community policing gives law enforcement officers and community leaders an easy task to tackle rampant criminal incidents. This approach allows the community to share ideas on how they want police to help them reduce crime rates. This makes it possible for both parties to understand each other more to ensure positive results are achieved (Nalla and Newman 68). Community policing helps reduce fear in the society. A reduction in criminal incidents in a particular area makes it possible for different economic activities to be done without the fear of robbery or extortion. This improves the quality of life of people living in the area (Nalla and Newman 68). Opponents of communi ty policing argue that it may give rise to vigilantes. They argue that residents, who serve on the neighborhood watch patrol, may use excessive force when dealing with criminal suspects. Therefore, this has a bad effect on community policing. If residents who assist the police are not given clear instructions on what to do, they may overstep their roles and this can cause resentment in the community (Hess 117). Police officers and community residents may not have strong mutual trust to encourage them to partner and solve problems. This will make the approach unsuccessful because of the poor relationship between community residents and law enforcement officers. This affects the ability of the program to solve law enforcement problems at the community level (Hess 117). Some opponents argue that a lot of resources are needed to ensure community policing approaches succeed in communities where they are implemented. Limited resources make it difficult for community policing to succeed. I t becomes difficult for local residents to conduct routine patrols which are used to deter criminals. This ends up discouraging residents from participating in community policing which leads to poor results (Hess 118). Opponents of community policing argue that many civilians who are involved in the practice do not have skills needed to solve crimes. They argue that these people do not undergo any formal training to help them deal with criminal incidents in their neighborhoods. Therefore, they are unable to tackle complex crimes in the society (Hess 118). Community policing may encourage racial and ethnic profiling of minorities living in particular communities. Residents from the majority racial groups may accuse other residents of engaging in criminal activities. This leads to conflicts in the community brought about by prejudice and mistrust between residents. This alienates a section of residents who are likely to become unwilling to participate in community policing efforts (He ss 118).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Community Policing Programs in The U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my opinion, community policing has many advantages which outweigh its disadvantages. Community policing makes it possible for residents and police officers to collaborate to reduce criminal incidents. Residents understand issues of concern in areas where they live and they need to cooperate with police officers to find common solutions to criminal problems. It is vital for residents to be more vigilant to improve their own security. For instance, residents can be encouraged to light up streets which are close to their homes to deter criminals from mugging people (Gaines and Worral 103). They also need to be encouraged to lock all their doors whenever they go out or when they are sleeping to make it difficult for criminals to sneak into their homes. Residents need to consult the police to agree on appr oaches which need to be used to fight criminals using community policing. This will ensure that all residents are comfortable with the program to eliminate any form of apathy in the community. Effective community policing initiatives make it easy for the police to gather intelligence regarding various crimes. This helps to eliminate the fear residents have for criminals in the community (Gaines and Worral 105). This encourages more people to be willing to testify against criminals suspects in court, which improves security in the community. Gaines, Larry K., and John L. Worral. Police Administration. New York: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. Hess, Kren M. Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2005. Print. Inciardi, James A. Criminal Justice. London: McGraw Hill, 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nalla, Mahesh K., and Graeme R. Newman. Community Policing in Indigenous Communities. New York: CRC Press, 2013. Print. Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-21047531582284361662019-11-22T04:04:00.001-08:002019-11-22T04:04:03.486-08:00Huntoon & Balbiera Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsHuntoon & Balbiera - Essay Example However, they should differentiate offering management consulting as an additional service. Auditing is the most logical choice because despite the decrease in profits from this service are from 2000 to 2001, it is still the most important aspect of the company's operations. This will allow them to have an edge over other auditing firms without the need to lower their costs, thus justifying their current fees. In terms of client industry, the company's future plans must focus on specializing in manufacturing. Municipal clients tend to stick with their auditing firm for as long as they perform satisfactorily. Hence, the firm must simply make sure that they continue to offer these clients with the best service possible in order to keep them. However, a market that the firm can potentially benefit from is manufacturing. With a 22 percent increase in its share of profits, manufacturing is the most logical choice for the company to focus on, if they decide to specialize. Specialization, however, may not be the best strategy for a firm like H&B. Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-74801081494901778742019-11-20T20:08:00.001-08:002019-11-20T20:08:03.205-08:00Tea Culture between Asian and Western Countries EssayTea Culture between Asian and Western Countries - Essay Example British afternoon tea was the most popular during ceremonies. Anna the Duchess of Bedford was the inventor of the afternoon teas. At the time it was only the wealthy individuals who could manage to buy tea. The wealthy individuals could then invite their friends so as to celebrate the festivities. The tea was later stored in the Chinese porcelain and served with other delicate goodies like sandwiches, cakes, scones, tarts, cream, biscuits and bread. Tea from India was stored in silver tea-pots which was later poured into bone-china cups. This was symbolic in terms of the economic wealth of an individual. The Britons also had the high tea which was taken during dinner time and tea breaks which was normally during mornings as part of their strict customs. In all the occasions, the European took tea when celebrating with friends and families.In Chinese, the tea was taken in a special environment. During the large parties and the imperial tea festivities, it usually involved many partici pants. Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-11605488158001062162019-11-18T22:35:00.001-08:002019-11-18T22:35:03.231-08:00Economics essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsEconomics - Essay Example However, the firms often prefer to use machines instead of human labour as they believe that the work can be done more efficiently as compared to the human labour. The researcher through this paper would aim to discuss about the concept of diminishing marginal returns to workers. This paper would offer the researcher a scope to discuss about the employment practices using the concepts of Economics. Law of diminishing return states that in case if equal quantities of one variable factor are increased, whereas, the other factor remains constant, there is a point in the economy beyond which if an extra unit of the variable factor added leads to diminishing return and fall in marginal physical product (Black and Lynch, 2001). The main reason behind this is that as one of the factors is held fixed and the other factor is increased, the proportions of the factors change. As the proportion of variable factor increases, the factor proportions become appropriate for carrying out the production within the economy and the marginal product increases. However, the researcher says that after a certain level, the production system becomes too much crowded with variable inputs and the factor proportions cannot be utilised for the production (Edvinsson, 2002). According to a researcher, an increase in proportions of the labour as well as the capital within the agricultural land for cultivation raises the output depending on the amount of input within the production process (Black and Lynch, 2001). However, in the agricultural process there are changes that may arise due to improvement in technology as well as the factor proportions. Technology within the agricultural field deals with the use of new and improved variety of crops for production and also the use of better quality fertilizers for proper cultivation. The law of diminishing returns is also referred to as the law of variable proportions within the economy (Lopez, Vaya and Artis, 2004). According to another researcher Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-50219019787014053642019-11-16T11:07:00.001-08:002019-11-16T11:07:03.976-08:00Self Reference Criterion And Subculture Groups Cultural Studies EssaySelf Reference Criterion And Subculture Groups Cultural Studies Essay One of the keys to success mentioned Cateora (2001) to achieve a successful international marketing is to adapt to environmental differences between a market and another. (Cateora, 2001). He defines the self-reference criterion (SRC) as a reference unaware of our own cultural values, experiences and knowledge as the basis for our decisions. The SRC hampers the ability to assess a foreign market in its true dimension. The self-reference criterion (SRC) is especially operating in the customs business. If you do not understand the customs of our foreign counterparts, are more likely to assessment behavior of these people in terms of what is acceptable to us. It is important to note that one of the most important strategies for success in international negotiations is to consider cross-cultural analysis in such a way as to isolate the influences of benchmark employment or self-reference criterion when making decisions, since it is essential to understand culture of the foreign market in order to avoid cultural shock and errors when you start a negotiation on the basis of adaptation to the environment in which it operates, and, moreover ethnocentrism which limits our ability to accept cultural differences and therefore reduces the opportunity to develop effective international marketing programs. In conclusion, when formulating and developing an international marketing program must consider the possible occurrence of these barriers as determinants of decision making. To avoid disappointment for entering and remaining in foreign markets, it is important to have respect for cultural differences in each of the markets of different countries and it is really important to know the history, traditions and trends of potential markets for generate a truly global conscience and implement strategies with ethical trend in each of them. The key to adapting is to maintain ones culture but to develop a à ¬ entendimien and a willingness to accommodate the differences. A successful marketing professional knows that China is important to give opinions without overwhelming arguments, criticism, even when requested, may cause the host lose face. In Germany it is considered impolite to use first names unless one is specifically invited to do so, you should always address a person as Herr (Mr), Frau (Mrs.) or Fraulein (Miss) with your name. In Brazil should not be offended by the propensity to touch the person with whom he converses. This custom is not a violation of personal space but the Brazilian form of greeting or emphasize one aspect to or gesture of goodwill and friendship. For the employer you want to export as the international marketer and specialist in international trade must have a type of vision to observe and detect the different elements that may be important in the development of its function. These views consist of: The vision of company, which is to take into account the capacities, objectives and interests of the company. The national vision that involves taking into account the positioning, the possibilities and trade agreements and government and private support of the country of the offered. The vision for the country of the target market is to take into account the realities, barriers of values, culture, norms and customs of trade and business of the country that addresses the export effort. The overall vision is to consider the general situation and sectoral trends, technology and international marketing in addition to the regionalization and globalization processes of international norms established by entities such as the OMG and the ICC Adjusted for differences requires putting aside our own cultural values. James E. Lee proposed that the natural self-reference criterion the unconscious reference to our cultural values is the root of most international business problems. However, recognize and admit this, it is often quite difficult. (Negocios Internacionales, Michael R. Czinkota, Ilkka A. Ronkainen, Michael H. Moffett, 7th Edition, Pag 60) By ignoring important cultural aspects, it can fall into the self-reference criterion, for example the unconscious reference to cultural values. Thus, it has been the cause of countless problems in international business and more, when it came to high-context. Avoid ethnocentrism as well, which is to consider their own culture as superiors to others (Czincota and Ronkainen, 1996)à There are many dangers of the self reference criterion: Failure to explore the need to take precautions Do not measure the differences between the cultures of different countries. Having an offensive answer with the host response The steps for Cross Cultura Analisys: To clarify the problem of home business To clarify the problem of the foreign Separate the SRC, examining in detail a complicated problem Determine the problem without the SRC The progress of a global awareness Different cultures must be tolerated To know and accept different cultures, making working with others whose culture is different. Have a knowledge of different global cultures, such as history, social and political problems. Focus on global awareness Selecting managers with global knowledge Having relationships with people who are from other countries or nationalities Cultural diversity within the company executives Acoording to Usunier and Lee J. in the book Marketing across Cultures, Perceive the French about other cultures are: The Germans: Pretentious and offhand. Fashionable, womanizing, frivolous, fickle, well-mannered, resourceful. The British: Nationalistic, chauvinistic, intransigent, centralist, dependent on the state, polite but not open minded, humourless, short tempered. The Americans: Chauvinistic, well mannered, combination of good food and good conversation, curious about foreing people, pretentious, talkative, pleasant, intelligent. ETHNOCENTRISM Properties of ethnocentrism may include the following tendencies: (1) to distinguish different groups; (2) to perceive events in terms of their own group interests (economic, political and social); (3) to see one group as the center of the universe and consider your lifestyle superior to all others; (4) to distrust other groups and negligible; (5) to see one group as superior, strong and honest;à The phenomenon of ethnocentrism is a danger to global marketing. Ethnocentrism is not to buy a foreign product not because it more expensive or lower quality, but the fact of being ones own country. People affected by this fact tend to think that the product of your country is always better. Immoral even consider buying things from abroad. It is curious that in other countries, like Spain, the opposite happens: if a foreign product looks better. An Italian designer suit seems more elegant than a national costume. The effects of ethnocentrism on the process of marketing and sales can sales practices to coexist rational and irrational due to marketing consumer ethnocentricity (Walle, 1986). The central role of personal provide satisfaction and customer service quality may be adversely affected by wider influence of marketing in the development and communication of identity corporate (Thomas and Hill, 1999). Likewise, ethnocentrism can also affect negatively to the transfer of technology from countries with economies of third world developed nations, due to the ethnocentric and stereotyped behavior on the part of developed economy, this is particularly true in technology transfer social, for example, in the area of organizational development (Bourgeois and Boltvinik, 1981). Consumer ethnocentrism is related to the country effect origin, either as an independent concept (Herchen, 1992), or considering it, from academic point of view, a further element of the concept of country of origin on the explains how the patriotic feelings affect attitudes toward products and purchase intentions (Han, 1988; Hadjimarcou, Hu and Bruning, 1993, Good and Huddleston, 1995; Huddleston, Good and Stoel, 2001)à SUB CULTURAL GROUPS Internationalization Strategies Ethnocentrism: Oriented to the country of origin. The company has focused its sales targets in the local market will eventually be sold in other markets only if you experience any order. Consider export as a sideline, giving priority to domestic operations. There is no change in the commercial mixture. Polycentric: Oriented to the country of destination Each country is considered as an independent reality, planning and marketing strategies are defined according to the needs of this market .- The distribution is done with equipment sales channels and target market .- Participate in the national market but in a disorganized and unplanned .- Usual medium enterprises or those with some experience in foreign markets .- It is expensive to establish the structure and oil business management, emerging problems of coordination and Control. Region Centric: Oriented to the region, is establishing a strategic plan for the entire region. A regional sales target, market coverage program is organized and planned sales. Geocentric: global orientation. SUBCULTURE The subculture is a distinct group within a culture. Its members can meet for various reasons, such as age, ethnicity, sexual identity, musical tastes or aesthetics, among others. It is usual that the subculture defines itself in opposition to the dominant culture. There are times; however, that such opposition is not radical. The members of a subculture often share a similar appearance that identifies them as a particular hairstyle (the ridge in the case of the punks) or the color of the clothes (black for Goths or emos). Within a subculture usually speak a particular dialect or uncommon terms used in other groups. The emergence of a subculture is established by the existence of shared symbols. This distinguishes the simple groups of people who meet common tastes of subcultures. In the mentioned case of the goth subculture, its members appeal to the black clothes and white makeup to convey their skepticism and lack of hope for the development of mankind Cultural subgroup is the denomination to define those groups of individuals who share common goals and ways of representation communes. Sub cultural analysis to segment the market to reach the needs, motivations, perceptions and attitudes that are shared by members of a particular subculture group. A subculture is a distinct cultural group that exists as an identifiable area within a larger and more complex society. Its members have beliefs, values and customs that set them apart from other members of the same society. The main sub-cultural categories are: nationality, race, religion, geographic location, age, sex and education. EXAMPLES OF SUBCULTURES EMO The origin of the word emo itself is confusing, most people associate it with the word emotional from the 90s. More recently, the word emo was seen as a contraction of emotional hardcore or emocore, which were popular designations music genre. The term emo has also been used in recent years on the Internet by different field, especially to those who seem emotionally unstable. Others use the term emo to describe a feeling of depression. In English the term emo is also used as an abbreviation for the word emotive meaning affective or emotional. Floggers Flogger is known as a trendy teenager from Argentina, which is closely related to Fotolog.com, a website where you upload photos and where users can comment on them. It has become very popular among young people, to become almost a habit or lifestyle. Flogger The word comes from flog, short for Fotolog. The popularity of a photoblog is based on the number of signatures (comments) daily photos and their friends / favorites. The photos uploaded in their respective fotologs often self-portraits. GOTHIC This is a movement in several countries. It started in the UK between the late 70s and mid 80s in the gothic rock scene, a derivation of the Post-Punk. His aesthetic and cultural inclinations come mainly from the influences of horror literature, horror films, and to a lesser extent, the BDSM culture. The goth subculture shared aesthetic tastes, musical and cultural common ground. Although Gothic music encompasses several sub-genres and styles, all share a tendency to look and sound dark or dark. Styles of dress within the subculture, taking influences from death rock, punk, androgynous style, and even the Renaissance style of dress, but goths are aesthetics, which focuses on black. Gothic THE PUNK This is born in the UK since the early 70s where a stream of young people in Britain and other industrialized countries felt that the rock had gone from being a means of expression for young people, to a mere marketing tool and showcase to the grandeur of the musicians of the time, pushing the music of ordinary people. Punk emerged as a mockery to the rigidity of the conventions that concealed forms of social oppression. Philosophy punk can be summarized as: à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Do it yourself, have it your way. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Rejecting the dogma and not to seek a single truth. challenge and contradict everything à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Do not operate according to the fashion and media manipulation in addition to being against consumerism. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Think for yourself. Skinheads The skinheads are skinheads or groups considered to be Nazis. They advocate the ideology of German leader Adolf Hitler and say they want to rid society of what they call scum, although this will have recourse to violent methods they know as clean-up squads. The Rastafarian These comes from Jamaica, is linked to the liberation of black people, looking for the earthly paradise in this case would ethiopia, so their characteristic colors, green, yellow and red, the rasta culrtura more than a movement is a religion provided when carrying off the bottom of the letter, not consuming meat, and based on pure marijuana consumption, on the grounds that the Bible mentions that God has created all the plants for use by men, also stops at state of flight to achieve a better meditation. SEGMENTATION AND SUBCULTURES Culture is defined largely consumer behavior of a given society. However, within a culture more homogeneous subgroups coexist with a common customs and values. Distinguish consumers in each subculture facilitates the positioning of brands and products aimed at a culture. Segmentation in subcultures is based on a socio-cultural and demographic factors were clearly identifiable. Marketers must be aware of how sub-cultural influences interact, not just segmented by a unique subculture. The classification of subcultures is usually done on the basis of national origin, age, religion, sex and lifestyle. However, this type of segmentation is valid provided that belonged to one of these subgroups involving behavioral patterns and identifiable characteristics, since the fact of being black or white, yuppie or a housewife, may not be a factor significant for the purchase of certain products. If subculture is identified as the group of adolescents between 14 and 18, is because they have a different behavior than for people between 25 and 32, for example. In Spain, the development of advertising campaigns are often differentiated mainly by age, gender and lifestyle, rather than racial influences, for although the number of immigrants is increasing, especially from the early 90s, a group is not so ingrained as, for instance, Hispanics or African American. The choice of conditioning (shape, appearance, color) cannot ignore the symbolic meanings associated with the cultural environment. An example: Nestlà © launched a dairy preparation characterized by containing active bifid us and a rich supply of calcium. It differs by the higher calcium content and pleasant taste. And in Latin countries the gratification of taste is a key factor for the food products sector. If your taste or texture is not good, the product will not succeed. That makes it especially attractive given a subculture from the perspective of marketing is the fact that it represents a segment of consumers with unique shopping habits, which involves a significant purchasing power for the company. If cultures differ, and if consumers behave differently, marketing strategies must also adapt to different environments can be identified. In this sense, be regarded as cultural adaptations in market research and strategies of the marketing mix, product, price, distribution and communication. In any social group differences in manifest behavior patterns for marketers this fact offers advantages and disadvantages. Disadvantages as identify a greater number of differences in a society should lead to the segmentation process to continue to spread to other possible groups that show homogeneous patterns or cultural features, design marketing activities appropriate to each segment or any of them, and increase business costs arising from the differentiation. Advantages precisely because the market segmentation us to potential target sites which may constitute or niches where the company can rest, defend, or be strong. In a society there are groups that are usually values and cultural homogeneous, but that differ from other groups, all members of the macro cultural group. What is important for the marketing manager is to realize this potential cultural variety, and then follow a process similar to the following: à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Analyze cultural diversity in a particular social group. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Identify the types existing subcultures according to nationality, race, religion or geography. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Analyze the main cultural and behavioral differences à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Study the profiles of each group for demographic, psychographic and behavioral. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Evaluate the potential of each subculture as target market à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Determine the implications for marketing and its key variables. In the light of new trends that have been imposed in the marketing, seen as a social process, there has been a school of thought supported by the relativistic paradigm. The culture has begun to be seen as the background which shows the consumption patterns and also some products which have acquired a symbolism not imagined before (Lindridge and Dibb, 2003). As a result, beyond instrumentalist considerations, sociological, social, mutually beneficial exchange, strategic, administrative, and engineering (Pà ¡ramo, 2004) has emerged strongly in recent decades on the world of academics and researchers, a tendency to view marketing as part of a particular culture (Douglas and Isherwood, 1979; Arnould and Wallendorf, 1994; Pà ¡ramo, 2000a, 2000b). This trend has upset the paradigm of a country regarded as a synonym of the same culture (Rao, 1997), since societies are constituted largely by subcultures that correspond to the existing human groups. In fact, for over 20 years marketing has witnessed a continuing growth of interest in the study of cultural differences between ethnic groups and its implications for marketing and this has forced him to resort to ethnicity and culture as criteria segmentation. Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4644726890415003107.post-84676304595176729512019-11-13T23:37:00.001-08:002019-11-13T23:37:02.837-08:00A Comparison of Vengeance in Electra, The Bacchae and Frankenstein EssaVengeance in Electra, The Bacchae and Frankenstein à à à In today's world, vengeance is still in existence, bubbling below our calm facade, waiting for the catalyst it needs to break loose. Evidence can be seen right now in the reactions of the American people towards Bin Laden. He destroyed so many lives, and now, there is probably not one American that would not love to get their minute alone with him. The American people want to hurt him the way he and his followers hurt their fellow Americans, their family. This hunger for vengeance is completely Dionysian and is found in more than one written work. à Electra is saturated with the Dionysian quest for vengeance that prevails also in The Bacchae. It is found again in Frankenstein, a work bubbling over with vengeful deaths. This Dionysian pursuit for vengeance is carried out on family offenders, whether they are of the family in question or not. Dionysus, a member of Cadmus' family, causes the death of his cousin Pentheus. Pentheus commits a deadly mistake when he denies Dionysus as a god and attempts to capture him, thus invoking the wrath of Dionysus. This is the same type of vengeance found in Electra's family. In Electra's family, if one commits a family offense, an unending cycle of the Dionysian principle of vengeance ensues: vengeance takes precedent over family ties, thus forsaking them. With Victor Frankenstein and his monster, the principle is also at work, though it exists for each of them in response to the other. à This principle is born into Electra's family long before her own tragedies transpire. It begins with the sons of Pelops and all of the adultery and murder a la mode that occur in that branch of Electra's family history. However, this... ...al, is to strike out at those who seek or have harmed us, and to destroy them in any means possible. Rest assured that if any Americans are involved in the Bin Laden affair, that the thirst for vengeance on them will be overpowering. The Dionysian principle of vengeance is still very much alive, lurking below the surface, waiting for the justification it needs to break free. à Works Cited C.K. Williams,The Bacchae Of Euripides (New Version)New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000 Sophocles Electra New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1995 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1994 "Bush Speaks From Oval Office" http://multimedia.belointeractive.com/attack/news/text0911.html "Bin Laden Has Nowhere To Run - Nowhere To Hide", madblast.com The House of Atreus http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa110497.htm Stuart Douglashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07700109752883981071noreply@blogger.com0