Crucible Act 2 essays

Crucible Act 2 essays In The Crucible certain characters are either accepted or condemned because of their actions pertaining to the hysteria of witchcraft during the turbulent times of Salem. When the trials first started, hysteria began growing into serious crimes that would have the person accused both losing all of their belongings and confessing to a crime that they had not committed or to be hanged and to keep their pride. The trials make the hysteria worse in the town and give way to the accusations of even more and more people for even less probable reasons. People in Salem were affected differently from these trials and were given different responsibilities that they must handle to keep the town safe, such characters are Abigail and John Proctor. During the second act of The Crucible, Abigail began to blow many things out of proportion. As seen in the first act she blamed Tituba in hopes of getting away with her crime unscathed, but things soon grew out of proportion and she was given the chance to accuse more and more people for her own benefit. Abigail then started to attack peoples reputation and because of her accusations, she was made stronger, she especially wanted to be a better person in the eyes of Salem than Goody Proctor and so she staged a deceiving act that made it seem that she was attacked by the witch-loving Goody Anne Proctor and her spirit conjuring powers. Abigail was conniving against the entire town to make them believe that she was a saint or in her own words, Gods finger (Miller Pg. 62) Because of her responsibility to the town to be able to see who was working with the devil, she gained respect and a huge amount of power in Salem and was therefore considered important because of her ability to assur e everyone of the presence of witchcraft in Salem. Proctor though, was the exact opposite of Abigail and her response to witchcraft. Proctor saw that the entire idea of ...

Critical Analysis Example

Critical Analysis Example Critical Analysis Example Critical Analysis Example: Learn, Learn, and Learn Once Again Vladimir Lenin used to say To Learn, to Learn and to Learn Once Again. So let us follow his advice and learn writing critical analysis. It is obvious that any skill should be learned from professionals: a cook will best teach you how to cook, a shoemaker to make shoes, a poet to write poems. And if you want to learn how to perform the critical analysis you should study examples of those people, who already know how to do that. Let us consider what aspects you should pay attention to in the critical analysis example. Aspects of the Critical Analysis Example Logic. The first thing you should look at in the critical analysis example that you examine is logic. Find the connection between every statement in the critical analysis example. If you learn to see drawbacks in logic of other authors, you will not make such mistake yourself and moreover you will develop critical thinking skill. Structure. Any critical analysis example must contain an overview, detailed analysis and conclusions. Do not try to change this traditional structure, it must be the same in your critical analysis. Points of view. Above all, you have to understand that critical analysis means unbiased analysis, if you do not want to sound preconceived, remember this. You should pay attention to how clearly the author of the critical analysis example expresses his point of view. For the analysis to be critical other viewpoints also must be analyzed. The author of the critical analysis example (and you when you write your critical analysis) should consider also those viewpoints that do not support his (your) own. Your attitude. When you read enough critical analysis examples, you will almost definitely experience the temptation of copying and combining them for your own critical analysis. If you manage to resist this temptation, before writing your critical analysis think over what you have read, consider what you agree or disagree on with the author of the critical analysis example: Critical Analysis Essay Final Note When you consider the critical analysis example, you should pay attention to every abovementioned aspects. A good critical analysis example contains all of them and makes things clear for you, i.e. does not leave any questions after reading. It is not easy to write the critical analysis if you are not experienced in it, but learning from critical analysis examples will smooth things down for you and make you a professional with competent essay writing service! Read also: Descriptive Essay Writing Argumentative Essay Topics Writing Thesis Papers Writing a Dissertation Proposal Thesis Topics

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Auditing - Essay Example The Big 4 dominate the auditing industry to such an extent that policy makers are worried about the effects of a possible reduction in their number. Questions such as pricing power, bargaining power, quality of audits, the independence of audited financial reports and other matters that usually attend to an oligopoly has bedevilled government regulators and industry experts alike. This paper looks at some of the outstanding issues facing an industry with few market players, especially on the possible scenarios when any of the Big 4 exits the market altogether for whatever reason. The Big 4 auditing and accounting firms, together with professional and accountancy organizations, are actively promoting positive reforms in both their accounting and reporting standards to improve credibility and confidence in audited financial reports. At present, these big four comprise an oligopoly that dictated prices for their services. In classical economic theory, this is an imperfect competition where a few sellers can manipulate prices if they want to. Economists call it as the concentration ratio or C4 in which the four biggest firms control more than 60% of an industry similar to aircraft manufacturing and telecommunications. In fact, a report by the General Accounting Office (GAO) of the US (renamed now to General Accountability Office in 2004) indicated concentration to be higher, approximately 78% of all the publicly-listed companies that constituted 99% of all public company sales (Bloom & Schrim 2005) and has serious implications with regards to the risks for collusion. The GAO report was commissioned in response to the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act the previous year and also due to concerns about the effects of audit mergers and consolidation on competition, cost, quality, pricing and the cherished principles of auditor independence. Due to the few market players in an oligopoly, the action of one market participant tends to be known by

Formal and Informal Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal and Informal Testing - Research Paper Example Let us discuss some formal and informal assessment techniques in order to know how they can help teachers assess the learning level of their students. Formal Assessment Techniques Weaver (n.d.) states, â€Å"Formal assessments have data which support the conclusions made from the test†. Such assessments provide ways to the teachers to assess their students’ performance using standardized measures. Two of the widely used formal assessment techniques include non-referenced tests and criterion referenced tests. Non-Referenced Tests Using norm-referenced tests, teachers compare performance of each student to a large number of other students. Teachers prepare one test for all students to compare the performance of each student with the performances of other students. Such tests make teachers know which students is the best performer among all other students. Another advantage is increase in the level of motivation for the students. Such tests provide motivation and appreciat ion to the best performer. When a student is told that his/her performance is the best in the class, it increases motivation of the student. Along with advantages, there also exist a couple disadvantages of using non-referenced tests. First one of those disadvantages is that scores do not show actual knowledge of the students, which students of a specific grade level must possess, rather they show the performance in relation to the individual performances of other students. Moreover, the goal of excellence in class performance cannot be achieved because there is no standard criterion set for exams. Teachers measure performances of students against each other instead of a specific criterion, which does not reflect actual learning of the students. Criterion Referenced Tests In these types of tests, performance of the students is compared to a standard criterion set by the teachers instead of comparing with other students. Such tests provide accurate assessment to the teachers. These t ests help teachers know whether there students have acquired the required amount of knowledge or they need to improve their learning skills. The results of such tests reflect actual skills of students instead of reflecting individual edge of students over other students. If a student meets the set criterion, it means that he/she is learning well in the classroom. Some of the concerns regarding use of these tests for assessment include criterion validity and individual rankings. For these tests, a proper criterion needs to be set. Sometimes teachers set improper criterion that does not properly measure what it should actually measure. Moreover, students like to know their individual rankings but in these tests, they cannot know it because their performances are not compared with others. Informal Assessment Techniques In informal assessment, teachers use multiple ways to assess students’ performance. Sawetch (2009) states, â€Å"An informal assessment can compromise of almost any teaching in the classroom that an individual student has to participate in†. Some of the widely used informal assessment techniques include checklists and oral interviews. Let us discuss both of these methods in some detail. Checklists A checklist is a list of skills, knowledge, and other qualities that teacher creates to know whether their students possess those qualities or not. If a student is short of any specific quality, the teacher can work to improve that quality of the student. Checklist method is not a very time consuming one. A teacher can

Abortion And Peace :: essays research papers

Abortion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I knew from day one that this essay was not gonna be easy. Abortion is not an easy subject. Before I say any thing I would just like to say that I don’t think men should have a say in this at all. I am Pro- choice. This to me, means that people should have the right to make decisions for them selves, you know, Freedom? a right of the United States of America. I think individuals should be responsible for their own bodies and what they do to them selves. If they have an abortion its their business and no one else. A woman should be able to get an abortion with out having to be discriminated by protesters. I don’t think abortion is pretty but neither is heart surgery. I do think abortion is bad but I think it’s important that we can have choices. I have looked at it from both sides and actually I agree with both sides. I don’t know if that’s good or bad but I personally think that it’s good. It doesn’t mean I’m confused it just means both sides have their highs and lows. I have picked pro-choice because although I don’t like abortion, I don’t think we should rid (of) it completely, I don’t like smokin but I don’t say lets get rid of that. There's lots of things we don’t like but that doesn’t mean they are bad or wrong. What is outrageous to one may be civilized to others. Clearly the best out come of this conflict would be compromise. Not a compromise to solve the problem but a compromise to satisfy people in conflict until further question. If we reach a compromise both sides will feel like they are a step in the right direction. My idea of a compromise is very simple. Many pro-lifes strongly disagree with abortion but are willing to make an exception for raped victims and any thing that goes along with rape. Pro-choice feel for those people especially, I feel that pro-choice people would go for a compromise big time. Since both sides have that sliver of agreement I think to get an abortion you should have to pass certain requirements. Some requirements are; proof of rape, and/or if the pregnancy will kill the mother then an abortion will be acceptable. There will be various other exceptions but those are the two that stand out. Abortion And Peace :: essays research papers Abortion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I knew from day one that this essay was not gonna be easy. Abortion is not an easy subject. Before I say any thing I would just like to say that I don’t think men should have a say in this at all. I am Pro- choice. This to me, means that people should have the right to make decisions for them selves, you know, Freedom? a right of the United States of America. I think individuals should be responsible for their own bodies and what they do to them selves. If they have an abortion its their business and no one else. A woman should be able to get an abortion with out having to be discriminated by protesters. I don’t think abortion is pretty but neither is heart surgery. I do think abortion is bad but I think it’s important that we can have choices. I have looked at it from both sides and actually I agree with both sides. I don’t know if that’s good or bad but I personally think that it’s good. It doesn’t mean I’m confused it just means both sides have their highs and lows. I have picked pro-choice because although I don’t like abortion, I don’t think we should rid (of) it completely, I don’t like smokin but I don’t say lets get rid of that. There's lots of things we don’t like but that doesn’t mean they are bad or wrong. What is outrageous to one may be civilized to others. Clearly the best out come of this conflict would be compromise. Not a compromise to solve the problem but a compromise to satisfy people in conflict until further question. If we reach a compromise both sides will feel like they are a step in the right direction. My idea of a compromise is very simple. Many pro-lifes strongly disagree with abortion but are willing to make an exception for raped victims and any thing that goes along with rape. Pro-choice feel for those people especially, I feel that pro-choice people would go for a compromise big time. Since both sides have that sliver of agreement I think to get an abortion you should have to pass certain requirements. Some requirements are; proof of rape, and/or if the pregnancy will kill the mother then an abortion will be acceptable. There will be various other exceptions but those are the two that stand out.

Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach

Formal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-Â ­being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevit able that it supports the flow of social life and company’s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganization’s productivity (Litterst & Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage the flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource avai lable and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben & Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information.Ruben & Stewart (2006) also stated that success in one’s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organization’s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow o f communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst & Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011) . There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probability chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-Â ­? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Fl exibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal channels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATION AL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time MisunderstandingCost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving company’s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and preferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this company’s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research ofAndr ea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-Â ­? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested that formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo & Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communication can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C & Romando, P 2011, ‘Case study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration’, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-Â ­? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ‘Formal and informal communication channels in creating Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach Formal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-Â ­being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevit able that it supports the flow of social life and company’s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganization’s productivity (Litterst & Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage the flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource avai lable and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben & Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information.Ruben & Stewart (2006) also stated that success in one’s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organization’s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow o f communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst & Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011) . There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probability chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-Â ­? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Fl exibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal channels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATION AL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time MisunderstandingCost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving company’s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and preferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this company’s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research ofAndr ea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-Â ­? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested that formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo & Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communication can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C & Romando, P 2011, ‘Case study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration’, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-Â ­? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ‘Formal and informal communication channels in creating

Greek Myth And Play Oedipus The King Essay - 1405 Words

Throughout the movie Lone Star, the influence of the Greek myth and play Oedipus the King play an important role in the movie line. The influence that Oedipus has on the characters of Lone Star causes the movie to become a modern interpretation of Sophocles’ infamous play. Although the two are different and remain unique in their own regards, there are several key aspects that unite the movie and play. Without the presence of boundaries, the issue of relationships and the influence of lies and secrets on the characters and outlying communities Lone Star would not have connection to Oedipus the King. An important theme to both Lone Star as well as Oedipus The King if that of boundaries. This can be viewed in both a geographical sense as well as a personal journey. Sam Deeds in Lone Star recently returned home to take up the post of his late father, the Sheriff of Rio County. The town, named Frontera, lies on the border of Texas and Mexico, causing border crossing to be an app arent theme in Sam’s quest for justice. As Geoffrey W. Bakewell writes in his article Oedipus Tex: Lone Star, Tragedy and Postmodernism â€Å"Boundaries are crucial: crossing them brings knowledge and exacts a price† (39). Sam travels geographical borders in order to uncover the killer of Sheriff Charlie Wade as well as to find out more about the habits of Buddy, Sam’s late father. Sam desired to learn of the killer of Charlie Wade, even if it was his father. However, the discovery of Wade’s body openedShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Connection to Oedipus the King1387 Words   |  6 PagesScholar Robert Graves wrote in 1995, â€Å"Myth has two main functions. The first is to answer the sort of awkward questions that children ask, such as ‘Who made the world? How will it end? Who was the first man? 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Born in 495 B.C., Sophocles â€Å"lived for nearly ninety years through the most of the turbulent events of his country during the fifteenth century B.C.† (Charters and Charters). He was born in Colonus, not farRead MoreLacan once said, in an unpublished seminar, â€Å"the Oedipus Complex is a dream of Freud† (Felman,1600 Words   |  7 Pages Lacan once said, in an unpublished seminar, â€Å"the Oedipus Complex is a dream of Freud† (Felman, 1034). It is a questionable theory and a so-called ‘dream’ because Sigmund Freud developed the Oedipus complex in such a way that allowed him to stand as an example of his own theory. It begins with what Freud would call ‘introspection’; the analysis of one’s self. He developed terms to use in his psychoanalysis; terms that divide the self and attempt to explain aspects of the human personality. AddingRead MoreAncient Greek Theater1235 Words   |  5 PagesCheese’s, or not letting you hang out with that dreamy hunk Bryan on Saturday. 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In Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles and first performed around 249 BC, Oedipus cannot escape his destiny and even though he tries to overcome and circumvent prophecy, he finds out that supernatural forces will get what they want inRead More Oedipus the King Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus the King The ancient Greeks were famous for their tragedies. These dramas functioned to â€Å"ask questions about the nature of man, his position in the universe, and the powers that govern his life† (â€Å"Greek† 1). Brereton (1968) stated that tragedies typically â€Å"involved a final and impressive disaster due to an unforeseen or unrealized failure involving people who command respect and sympathy. 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Myths are thought to be present so that we can understand the nature of what a myth is. An important function of myths is to maintain natural and social order. Although the creation myth begins with Chaos, the story works to provide a specific